Diversity, equity and inclusion concepts (2023)

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concepts of cultural competence

"10 Dimensions of Diversity" 1st Race
2. Ethnicity
3. Cultural
4th language
5. Gender
6. Alter
7. Sexual Orientation
8. Religion
9. Gifted
10. Defects
Counselor of “Conscience” (Assumptions, Values, Beliefs) you get to know yourself by confronting and working with your own prejudices, feelings, fears and guilt towards others inside and outside your own culture.
"Black Power" A slogan used by Malcolm X, used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness. It meant that equality could not be given but had to be fought for by a powerful and organized black community. Idea formulated by Stokely Carmichael, the belief that black people must defend themselves when attacked. He urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own businesses.
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail", 1963 A letter from Martin Luther King Jr. after his arrest while taking part in a non-violent anti-segregation march. He is disappointed that more Christians are not speaking out against racism. Nonviolent methods of protest are defended
"Just do it" hides his true thoughts and feelings in a racist society.
Principle "separate but equal" confirmed in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of public bodies was legal.
"The Pill" gave women more freedom to be sexually active without risking pregnancy; Birth control method that weakened the link between sex and marriage
No. 1 (in poverty) ranking of the US among the top 17 industrialized nations
$10 million median net worth of the richest 1%
The average net worth of an African American is $10,000
$100,000 median household income (classroom teacher)
Median household income $17,000 (>9th grade)
$1,900 Average net worth of bottom 40%
$21,000 median family income (grades 9-12; no degree)
$35,000 Median Household Income (HS Degree)
$40,000 per year, average US household income.
$48-30k for sure. middle class income
$6 per hour median salary for former welfare recipients
$64,000 Median Household Income (B.A. College)
$650,000 an hour Bill Gates
$74,000 median family income (M.A. University)
$81,000 Mean White American net worth
% ranks the percentage of people in the normative sample who scored less than or equal to the student scores
** How does a counselor intervene with parents who are ineffectively disciplining their children? Negotiate carefully, based on your judgment of the parent's ability to accept information. Can you provide more information on what might be effective when working with a child...especially if you work in a school? Remember, some parents do everything they can/the best they can. Be careful not to judge.
**What is microaggression?** Frequent, brief, everyday verbal or behavioral humiliation that may have harmful or uncomfortable psychological effects on the target individual or group.
can be delivered in an environmentally friendly way through the physical environment of the target groups
feeling unwanted, isolated, insecure and alienated.
...colorful children value... Colored children value the social aspects of an environment more than "normal" children and tend to emphasize feelings, acceptance and emotional closeness.
1% how much of the population belongs to the capitalist class
1. Old harassment

2. Transphobia: Verbal or physical conduct that hurts, upsets, or intimidates a lesbian, gay, or bisexual person.

-an emotional disgust towards people who do not conform to societal gender expectations
1. Orientation towards universal diversity:

2. Positive view:

3. Respect

4. Heat

5. Authenticity 1. Interest in diversity, contact with diverse groups, comfort in similarities and differences

2. See strengths and positive points in the client and appreciate differences and values

3. Pay attention and show that you care about the customer

4. Emotional feeling the client receives from the verbal and non-verbal therapists

5. Be open and "real"
1. When treating Hispanics in therapy, remember that they can assimilate at different rates within a family.
1.5 million Typical income of the capitalist class
10 percent of the people in a Confederate state would have to take an oath of allegiance. What was the first step of problem 1?
10% proportion of ex-social security recipients with access to a car
Typical income of 10,000 among the lower class
10. What contributes to the vision of education for Japanese children? extreme pressure to excel
11. Black family interactions tend to be...equal and flexible gender roles
12% (percent) of American adults in poverty
12%, how much of the population belongs to the lower class
12. Children of LGBT couples tend to have healthy cognitive function
13%, how much of the population belongs to the working poor
13. Full-time work is becoming less and less profitable for middle-aged people, why? Outsourcing jobs to other countries and employers hiring part-time workers
14%, like much of the population belongs to the upper middle class
14. Should LGBTQ therapists? Address discrimination early in therapy to create space and reduce power dynamics
15. Wilderson argues that because blacks have been stripped of their own epistemological assumptions, they are in such a state today that they have no choice but to burn, burn, burn, with no plan for the future.
16. Judith Butler does not argue...ultimately represents people's erotic desires to overcome feelings of alienation due to repressed sexuality
17. Which of the following comments does not agree with Freire's views on humanization? Paternalistic kindness drives workers to independence
18. Can people who practice Islam fear counseling for any of these reasons except? it goes against your beliefs
Indian Removal Act of 1830 Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, authorizing the President to grant unpopulated lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for Indian lands within existing state lines. Some tribes left peacefully, but many opposed the resettlement policy.
The National Origins Act of 1924 allowed only 150,000 people to enter the United States per year. Specially white, from north-western Europe. (Almost ended immigration from Asia and Africa)
1990 ASCA rebranded the school counseling profession and programmed the school counseling program
1997 ASCA publicó Sharing the Vision: The National Standard for School Counselling Programs
2 Additional Dimensions of Hofstede Indulgence vs. Moderation: Hedonism with Self-Discipline
Monumentalism vs Auto Undo:
stability in the face of change
2 Components of Uncertainty Management Behavior Uncertainty and fear
2 ways to reduce fear so that our desires win, what has happened, is or can happen

letting go of our desires, accepting what has happened, what is happening or what could happen
2. Asian American couples: traditional, what is the most effective approach? : (B) structure and direction
2. Micro-insults, unintended behavior, or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity, or disparage a person's racial heritage, gender identity, religion, ability, or sexual orientation identity.
outside the level of conscious awareness, but subtlety is an insult.
2. The Consistency Set People who change an opinion, belief, or behavior to conform with other opinions, beliefs, or behaviors.
20% (percent) of American children in poverty
20% Percentage of men earning hourly wages at the poverty line
20,000-25,000 Typical income of the working poor
22 million number of white people in poverty
3 Common Indigenous Healing Approaches Relying on communities, groups, and family networks to host the affected person, resolve problems, and reconnect with family or significant others
Spiritual or religious beliefs and community traditions are used in the healing process.
Use of shamans who are keepers of eternal wisdom
3 Elements of Critical Hope 1) Material Hope - Sense of control young people have when given the resources to succeed. Quality instruction is the most important material hope that an educator can offer a student.
2) Socratic hope - demands that teachers and students painfully examine our actions in living in an unjust society and share the sensitivity that pain can have a path to justice
3) Brave Hope - requires us to reconnect with the collective by fighting side by side, sharing victories and pains
3 Ways to False Hope 1) Hokey Hope - If you work hard and pay attention, you will succeed and achieve the American Dream. Ignore the long list of inequalities
2) Mythical Hope: False Narrative of Equal Opportunity. It is a denial of suffering rooted in the celebration of individual exceptions.
3) Deferred Hope – Hidden behind misinterpretations of research linking the material conditions of poverty to the restrictions imposed on schools. Blame the economy, common justification for bad teaching
* Many used a framework of hope to generate social movement (e.g. the Obama campaign)
* In the past, hope has been a theme in the lives and movements of the poor and dispossessed in the United States.
3 instinct theorists: Freud, Lorenz, McDougall
3 The main characteristic of counseling and psychotherapy is a. Values ​​associated with the culture: verbal/emotional/behavioural expression focused on the individual, communication with the client and the counselor. Openness, clear separation between mental and physical well-being.
B. Values ​​associated with teaching: strict adherence to schedule, 50 minutes once out of 2 times per week, ambiguous problem, search for far-reaching solutions
C. Language Variables: Use of standard English and emphasis on verbal communication.
3 types of faces need control, approval, admiration
3 types of microaggressions
1. Apparent verbal micro-aggression, environmental, or non-verbal attacks intended to convey biased and discriminatory feelings.
3 types of sexism Overt sexism: Grossly unequal and unfair treatment of women
Covert sexism: unequal and harmful treatment of women carried out covertly
Gender inequality in the recruitment process
subtle sexism: unequal and unfair treatment of women, which is NOT recognized by many people because it is perceived by others as normative and therefore does not seem to be uncommon
3. Do you follow the challenges of conducting multicultural research EXCEPT? Random selection problems
3. Micro-invalidations Verbal comments or behavior that exclude, deny, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target audience.
3. The Identity Proposition A person who identifies strongly with a particular group is likely to accept the group's beliefs and conform to the behaviors dictated by the group.
30% of the population belong to the middle class
30% of the population belongs to the working class
30% percentage of women earning hourly wages at the poverty line
30-35,000 Typical working class income
37% (percent) single mothers
4 million, 10% of the country's population. How many freed slaves were there in the country?
4. Native Americans lost touch with the culture and were not assimilated into the fringe mainstream
4. The Economic Set The person is influenced by the perceived rewards and penalties that the source can offer. The biggest problem with using rewards and punishments to bring about change is that while they ensure behavioral compliance, they do not guarantee private acceptance.
The Authority Set: Some people are assigned a specific position that gives them the legitimate right to dictate attitudes or behavior.
40-60,000 Typical middle class income
427 (low income) Oral SAT average
43% of Americans ranked lack of effort as the top reason people are poor
445 (low income) Average SAT Mathematics
48% proportion of 16-24 year olds with low income in college
5 Aspects of Ethnocentric Monoculturalism Belief in superiority

Belief in the inferiority of others.

Power to enforce rules

demonstration in institutions

the invisible veil
5 aspects of the culture of power 1. The problems of power are disseminated in the classroom
2. There are collegiate bodies or rules for participating in power; that is, there is a “culture of power”.
3. The rules of the culture of power reflect the rules of the culture of those in power.
4. If you are not already participating in the culture of power, explicitly listening to the rules of that culture makes it easier to attain power.
5. Those in power are often less aware of their existence or less willing to acknowledge it. Those with less power are generally more aware of their existence.
5 components of language phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
5 Learning Activities Most Likely to Promote Change in Developing a Non-Racial White Identity Principle 1: Learn about people of color from within-group sources

Principle 2: Learn from healthy and strong people in the culture

Principle 3: Learn from the reality of experience

Principle 4: Learn from the constant vigilance of your prejudices and fears

Principle 5: Learn from commitment to personal action against racism
5. When working with a Hispanic family, it is best to... (A) question the father before acknowledging his authority
504 of the Federal ADA Protecting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Programs and Activities Receiving Funding from the US Department of Education – No Disqualification from Participation, Denial of Benefit, or Discrimination in Programs or Exercises. They must receive free and proper education.
504 with assessment, any tool used to measure the appropriateness of a program or service must measure an individual's ability, not a reflection of their disability
53% of Americans think hard work is the number one reason people are rich
560 (high income) SAT oral average
575 (high income) SAT Math Average
6. African American parents who confront racism with children, those children c) lower rates of behavior problems
62% share of median income of 16-24 year olds in college
7 areas provided by Article Noli as solutions for culturally competent educators aware of educational equity in school culture and climate
Keep going
Instruction
school policy
friends
Equal Incentives: Parents of Color
Equal Incentives: Black Students
7. Helm's White Identity Model - What follows the state/phase of first contact? decay
78% percentage of 16-24 year olds with high income in college
8 million number of black people in poverty
8. The NTU Model The therapist is a receiver
80-100,000 Typical upper middle class income
9. Structural ecosystem therapy with Hispanic clients attempts to... look at family interactions to reduce negative cultural and contextual aspects.
90% (percent) of US stocks owned by the richest 10%
____ are beliefs about the right or wrong behavior of a particular group, and breaking these beliefs can lead to punishment. ____ are correct and normal behaviors, and breaking them can cause embarrassment.
____ is when a person has a high level of acculturation and becomes part of the dominant culture. assimilation
______ thoroughly investigates asserted BFOQ and business necessity defenses in discrimination and sexual harassment cases. They apply an even stricter standard of scrutiny in cases of alleged reverse sex discrimination. Dishes
_______ Dress codes and standards can only constitute gender discrimination when applied in a sexually discriminatory manner. If sexual stereotypes don't motivate them, then they're great. cleaning
_________ ________ may constitute a form of gender discrimination. There are two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo and hostile work environment. Sexual harassment in return involves a promised workplace benefit in exchange for sexual activity by the harassed worker. A hostile work environment includes undesirable activities based on the victim's gender that create a hostile or abusive work environment and interfere with an individual's ability to perform their job. Such harassment must also be serious and/or pervasive enough to interfere with a tenure or condition of the victim's employment. sexual harassment
One group of content is... Psychoeducational. A content group is powered by content material that is educational in nature.
A view from a particular perspective of culture. Emphasize the differences between people. Emic (derived from the phonemic term meaning sounds in a particular language).
Perspective that perceives that all people in a given group are identical. monolithic perspective
A process group is... a group that has a trained coach or facilitator who can guide the group to achieve personal growth.
A Model of Racial/Cultural Identity Development (Dr. Sue) 1. Fulfillment phase

2nd level of dissonance

3. Phase of resistance and immersion

4. Introspection phase

5th stage of integrative consciousness

**Details in the notes to Chapter 11!! Definitely read!
A vagabond was a person who, while able to work, had no visible means of subsistence or permanent housing and moved from place to place without work.
Disability is a form of discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities.
Accents distinguishable pronunciation marks (Spanish, Southern style, Caribbean)
Calm, peaceful acceptance and acceptance of death.
Access to discrimination when people are denied employment opportunities or access to jobs because of their race, gender, age or other non-productive factors.
Accountability results reports, performance standards for school counselors, program review
Accountability answers the questions of how the program differentiates students
Acculturation 4. One cultural group merges into another, as evidenced by language adoption and ethnic identification.
Acculturation process of socialization and adaptation to the cultural values ​​of society in general
Acculturation The process by which individuals adopt and adopt values, beliefs, and norms of a prevailing and more dominant culture.
Acculturative Stress 8. Anxiety related to trying to assimilate to another culture.
Achievement Gap: Differences in Educational Opportunities and Standardized Test Scores Between Minority and White Children
- "Stereotype Threat" contributes to the gap
Achievement tests provide information about a person who has learned or acquired something
"Acting White" is a label used by some people to describe people of the same race who adopt the behaviors, values, and attitudes of the dominant white culture
Activating the way people react to the world around them
Active strategies seek to obtain information about another person by questioning other people or structuring the environment to place the person in a situation that will provide the information needed
adjusts personal body movements that occur in response to a person's physical or psychological condition, e.g. scratch, worry
reasonable annual progress a minimum level of improvement, measurable in terms of student achievement, that school districts and schools are required to achieve within specific timeframes set forth in the No Child Left Behind Act
Adler's theory: People have a specific social interest, concern and need.
- Emphasizes the future, wholeness, collaboration and choice.
- Focuses on the importance of childhood, birth order, and behavioral goals.
- Emphasizing definable stages and techniques/practices in school and institutional settings
Adlerian Theory (Adler) 1. The sole dynamic force behind human behavior is the search for success or superiority.
2. Subjective perceptions of people shape their behavior and personality.
3. The personality is unified and internally consistent.
4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the point of view of social interest.
5. A self-consistent personality structure develops in a person's lifestyle.
6. Lifestyle is determined by people's creative power.
Benefits of using small groups in the counseling environment Students experience groups as a natural, familiar environment for interaction Groups also provide students with an opportunity to hear and learn about others with similar experiences Groups allow more students to be mentored by the counselor at the same time, and allow less-active students to benefit from observing and listening to others
affect the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions
Affect shows facial and body movements that show feelings or emotions, e.g. happy, sad, angry
affective styles are more emotional and require sensitivity to underlying meanings in the verbal and nonverbal coding systems favored by individualistic cultures
Affiliation used by members of a culture to interpret the level of friendliness, friendliness, social cordiality, or immediacy being communicated
Affirmative Action An educational admissions or employment policy that provides special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups to overcome the current effects of past discrimination.
Affirmative Action An educational admissions or employment policy that provides special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups to overcome the current effects of past discrimination. Improving economic and educational opportunities for women, blacks and other minority groups.
Positive action legislation – refers to policies that take into account factors such as race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin to benefit an underrepresented group in employment, education, and the economy; justified to offset the effects of a history of discrimination
Affirmative Action Program A plan aimed at increasing the number of minority employees at all levels within an organization
Afro-American English A systematic and rule-based language system
African Americans and CBT for depression Studied in an outpatient medical setting (Organista, 1994) reduced depression, but to a lesser degree than whites, with high turnover

no control group
African-Americans and culture proofreaders More than 20 years ago, a study suggested that a culture proofreader could reduce dropout and lead to better outcomes, but this has not been extensively studied.
afroamericanos und IPT Brown et. Al., 1999

IPT vs. antidepressants for blacks and whites

Blacks had better IPT adherence and worse medication adherence

Results at 8 months showed improvements in all groups with no racial differences in any of the treatment groups.

no control group
African Americans could not buy or lease farmland in the cities, had to work under contracts they could not break, and children could be forced to accept labor contracts if they were orphans or their parents were poor. What Were Some of the Strongest Black Codes in Mississippi?
Afrocentric curriculum focused on or derived from African history, culture and traditions
Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967 ... An Act prohibiting discrimination in employment against anyone aged 40 or over unless age is a genuine occupational qualification.
Age Discrimination in the Employment Act 2008 A law prohibiting discrimination in employment for persons aged 40 and over unless age is a genuine occupational qualification.
Age discrimination based on age.
Agency In the social sciences, agency is the ability of individuals to act independently and make their own free decisions. On the contrary, structure are those influencing factors (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, customs, etc.) that determine or constrain an actor and his decisions.[1] The relative difference in the influences of structure and agency is debated: it is not clear to what extent a person's actions are constrained by social systems. -From WIKIPEDIA:
Ager A person who is internally genderless or lacks a sense of gender identity.
Aggressive (Ag) Term used to describe a person who identifies as a woman and prefers to present himself as a man. This term is most commonly used in urban communities of color.
AIM American Indian Movement. demanded more rights for Native Americans and the preservation of their traditions (i.e., the restoration of burial sites, cultures, and Native American pride in their ancestry), use violence to get your point across. He called for a renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence and better education,
American Indian Movement; occupied Wounded Knee to draw attention to the government's mistreatment of Native Americans, including their living conditions and their "trail of broken treaties," as protesters in Washington DC put it.
Alaska's lowest old-age poverty rate
Alfred Adler- sense of inferiority of helplessness and inferiority; form the basis of personality

leading us to do many of the same things that our insecurities lead us to do; both cause us to be internally conflicted and both contribute to our experience of anxiety
All but one state were up for resumption. What happened in the summer of 1866?
Allowing Slaves to Become Citizens The 13th Amendment said nothing about _________ _________ __ _________ ________.
feel comfortable with their own identity,
begins to learn about others
recognizes undeserved privileges,
is working to turn privileges into rights
that the target members can also enjoy,
Willing to take risks
obliged to act
Ally Someone who advocates for and supports members of a community other than their own. Overcome differences to achieve common goals.
Detachment/Charisma by getting others interested in you by providing information

Example: Although he rarely says anything, HENRIK always seems to have something on his mind.
Ambivalence (feeling) a: continuous fluctuation (as between one thing and its opposite)
b: Uncertainty about which approach to take
ambivalent sexism A form of sexism characterized by attitudes toward women that reflect negative and unforgiving beliefs and feelings as well as loving, chivalrous, but possibly paternalistic, beliefs and feelings
Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008..., - prohibits discrimination against qualified persons on the basis of physical or mental disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act Laws prohibiting discrimination based on physical and mental disabilities. Arrangements must be made for people taking employment tests.
Americans with Disabilities Public Act 101-336 was passed on January 26, 1990, and is intended to end discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment in the private sector, public service, public lodging, transportation, and telecommunications, by Section 504 to complete accessibility in buildings, on public transport, on sidewalks, etc.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 This act, passed by Congress in 1991, outlawed discrimination against people with disabilities in the workplace and required easy access to all public and commercial buildings.
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008 This law, passed by Congress in 1991, outlawed discrimination against people with disabilities in the workplace and required easy access to all public and commercial buildings.
The extent of self-reporting may be affected by the current social climate in the country (e.g. post 9/11)
The level of self-declaration can be influenced by the level of “trust risk”.
Levels of self-disclosure can be influenced by shame about using a low-status or minority language.
The level of self-disclosure can be influenced from within or from outside the family.
The level of self-reporting may be influenced by the perceived causes of illness or disability.
The extent of self-reporting can be influenced by personal life experiences (poverty, war, prison, violence)
The level of self-disclosure can be influenced by personal relationships (some cultures require that it be given to service providers before trusting them)
Levels of self-disclosure can be influenced by reactions and acceptance (families may hide disabilities because of shame and guilt)
An exception to the EPA allows differences in compensation based on bona fide ________, incentive or merit systems, or factors other than gender. old
An organized counseling curriculum combines instruction with... 1. Student developmental level
2. uses different learning strategies for different students
3. Promotes interactive learning processes
The analog style establishes an idea (conclusion) and persuades the listener by using an analogy, story, or simile in which they have an implicit or explicit lesson to learn.
Analyze assessment data Consider cultural and linguistic influences
Analyze the assessment data Consider language-specific development standards
Evaluation data analysis focus on universal languages
Review data analysis Focus on building the most robust language for the customer
Assessment Data Analysis Identify language impairments versus differences
Androgynous A person who does not appear and/or identify as male or female and is of mixed or neutral gender.
Androgynous refers to people who have many psychological and behavioral traits, both feminine and masculine
Anger, blaming others and envy of others
Anna Freud - Defense Mechanisms We all use denial, repression, rationalization, reaction formation, and projection to reduce our anxiety.
Anne Fausto-Sterling campaigns for intersex people
Racism against racism tends to decrease under these conditions:
having intimate contact with people of color; experience a collaborative environment rather than a competitive one; work towards common goals; interact with others on an equal footing; they see leadership or authority as supporting harmony between groups; to feel a sense of oneness or connectedness with all humanity.
Anxious, ambivalent/resistant, possessive, and suspicious attachment to partner; steal energy
Anxious avoidant attachment avoids partners and problems when anxious; Avoid others to protect energy
Apathy (Feeling) Lack of feeling or emotion
Vygotsky's applications encourage learning contexts in which students play an active role in learning. The teacher must work with his students to help construct facilitating meanings in the students. Learning is a mutual experience.
Education: The judiciary authorized the education of black children of homeless or orphans, even against their will, with an employer up to the age of 21 for men and 18 for women
appropriate ethical response when there is a work-related issue in managing your own stress by 1) informing your colleagues and supervisors of the situation, 2) seeking ways to reduce your level of responsibility and task to a level that you are comfortable with deal affectively, and 3) do whatever it takes to relieve personal stress
Appropriate types of questions, such as B. Advice at the beginning of an interview, asking for more information on a topic, asking for more specific details on a topic, and collecting information for assessment purposes.
Aptitude tests predict future performance or ability to learn
Archetypes (Carl Jung) form the basis of many ideas, thoughts, motivations and emotional experiences that all humans share; recurring images/symbols representing aspects of our collective unconscious
specialized slang language used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their groups from others who are in a more powerful position in society is used to keep hostile outsiders at bay
The religions of art and religion produced priests/rulers - social powers of the gods

Pottery, plant fibers woven into fabric from wool, domesticated animals for food/transportation

Shaped metal tools/ornaments
Code system creations of artifacts that humans make, wear, or carry, e.g. Clothing style, tools, buildings, jewelry
ASCA's responsibility for its actions, ie for the objectives, processes and results of its work and program; implies an explanation of what was done. Accountability for director's performance, program implementation and results.
ASCA Ethical Standards for the Use of Computer Technology for Working with Students 1) Ensuring that applications are tailored to students' needs, 2) Ensuring that students know how to use the applications, 3) Ensuring that the Applications are non-discriminatory; and 4) ensure students require up-up consultation with the Student Advisor.
ASCA includes 4 themes such as Leadership, Advocacy, Collaboration and Systemic Change as part of the National Model framework
ASCA Model: Responsibility - Analyze if students are different. as a result of the advisory program
- Use data to show the impact of the Sc program on student performance, attendance and behavior
- Guide future actions and improve future outcomes
ASCA Model: Provision - Direct Services to Students - Core Curriculum for School Counseling - Lesson Plans designed to help students achieve competencies
- Individual Student Planning: Help students set personal goals and develop future plans
- Responsive Services: address students' immediate needs/concerns, individual/crisis/small group
ASCA model: Basics - Professional competencies - ASCA sc competencies describe knowledge, attitudes and skills
- Follow ethical standards
-Protect the student and the counselor
ASCA Model: Foundation - Program Focus - Advisors ID Personal beliefs aimed at how all students will benefit from the program
- Advisors create a vision that defines student outcomes
-Counselors create a mission statement that aligns with the school's mission
-Development of program goals to measure vision/mission
ASCA Model: Foundation – Student Competences – Using the ASCA Student Standards to Assessment 3 Domains
ASCA Model: Indirect Student Services - SC interacts with others on behalf of the student, including making recommendations, advising/collaborating with parents, teachers, other educators, and community organizations
ASCA Model: Management - Evaluation and Tools - Evaluation of the Competence of the School Counselor and the School Counseling Program
-Use of time rating (80% in direct/indirect support of the student, 20% other)
- annual contracts
- Heed messages
-Data usage
-Curriculum, small groups and action plans to fill in the gaps
- Annual and weekly calendar
ASCA National Model 1. Accountability - Data Analysis, Program Results, Evaluation and Improvement
2. Management - Evaluation and tools
3. Delivery - Direct Study Service and Indirect Study Service
4. Basics: program priorities, student skills and professional skills
Creation, implementation, administration and responsibility of the four pillars of the national ASCA model
Asexual person who is not sexually attracted to either gender.
ASHA Tips for Working with Interpreters After the session, the doctor and interpreter will discuss the client's responses and clarify any remaining questions.
ASHA Tips for Working with Interpreters Summary before, during and after the meeting
ASHA Tips for Working with Interpreters The translator must be fluent in both test languages
ASHA Tips for Working with Interpreters Understand goals and procedures, maintain honesty, neutrality and accuracy
Asian-American Cultural Differences Different Perceptions of Disability
respect for elders
respect for the silence
Differences in Asian-American language doubly negative
Omission of plural and possessive pronouns
mixture of words
Models of Asian American Identity Development:

Traditionalist

persona marginal:

Asian American Traditionalist: A person who has internalized conventional Chinese customs and values ​​resists the forces of acculturation.

Outsider: A person who rejects traditional Chinese ways and seeks to assimilate into American culture, leading to internalization of society's negativity towards minority groups: develops self-loathing.

Asian American: A person in the process of forming a positive identity who is ethnically and politically aware and is becoming increasingly bicultural.
Ask to interview the child, teachers, family, and community members to determine test results.
Assertiveness measures what people value and prefer harsh aggression to mild non-aggression
It confirms that the change comes from the change in external factors. for example. If you don't like the system, change it. alloplastic
He affirms that change comes from within. for example. So if you don't like the system, change it yourself. autoplastic view
(self = yourself)
Assessment Model Best Practices 1. DISTURBANCES 2. UNDERSTAND 3. ECOLOGICALLY VALID ASSESSMENT
Assimilated, we identify with the majority culture without identifying much with the subculture of the minorities themselves.
Assimilation 1. Members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
Assimilation the abandonment of original cultural identities
Assimilation The process by which an individual or group is assimilated into a new social context through a process of acculturation that results in the original culture of the individual or group being replaced by the new culture
Assimilation The process of adapting to a new culture or becoming like others in that culture.
Assimilation: The process by which members of a minority ethnic group lose the cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant cultural group or acquire the cultural characteristics of another group. real
(Episode Two: The Difference Between Us)
Persons entitled to asylum who enter the USA from another country and seek asylum or protection from persecution in their home country
Observing means... 1. Listening carefully
2. Perception of verbal and non-verbal messages
3. Cognitive and affective patterns of customer experience
Attitudes about disabilities and disorders can influence disclosure
Attribution Errors When the therapist has a different perspective on a problem than the client. Example: Think of a problem as client-internal and not environmental.
Overly controlling, demanding, domineering, and restrictive authoritarian upbringing; shows little regard for the child's thoughts/feelings

the child tries desperately to protect/replenish their energy; the child steals energy from their peers/siblings
Expert leader Authoritarian style Group leader promotes own agenda (teacher role)
Authoritarianism Erich Fromm - technique used by others to avoid fear
Authoritative parenting respects the child's thoughts/feelings, but also expresses their own wants/needs in a respectful way.

warm/tender, but gives orientation

Child feels secure/emotionally stable
Automata Conformity Erich Fromm's term for escaping the demands of freedom by accepting the personality type preferred by our culture or social group.
Autonomy-dialectical connection, the extent to which they desire a sense of separation from and attachment to others
aversive racism manifests itself in individuals who consciously affirm egalitarian values ​​but unconsciously harbor anti-minority sentiments.
Avoid others when anxious and more socially powerful people sap our energy, so we tend to avoid them; We prevent our energy from being stolen
Avoid avoiding others who can steal our energy; not to steal energy, but to protect energy

Example: MARKUS stays away from Parker because he always talks about himself and never listens
Baby boomers... born between 1945 and 1964; Individualistic vision, workaholic, respectful at work, loyal and dedicated.
Bandura's social-cognitive theory focuses on the fact that humans can learn without being directly reinforced (indirect learning). You can learn by watching someone do something.
Negotiate negotiate a way out of death
Example Basketball Boy - Come back because it's fun
- Come back to participate in a culturally rewarding community activity
- He comes back because he thinks he can improve
- He comes back because he believes he can be financially rewarded for his improvement
Behavior Checklist A checklist containing descriptions of specific skills (usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed. Some checklists are designed to assess a specific behavior or area of ​​competency. Others address multiple behaviors or areas of competency. Most use a Likert scale to rate responses.
Behavioral Counseling: Developed from Skinner's Operant Learning + Conditioning
- can help to make incremental changes
- the behavior needs to be focused and understood (not frustrated; no hidden problems)
- focuses on what can be observed/measured objectively
- Operant conditioning to shape behavior/influence feelings and attitudes.
clearly defined goals/targets
Behavioral therapeutic interventions: desensitization, aversive conditioning, behavioral chaining, and classical conditioning.
Behavioral Counseling Approach The school counselor actively collects and evaluates student data, which is used to advise other staff members (e.g., teachers) on how best to help the student. A behavioral counseling approach is triadic (between counselor, teacher and student) counseling and is considered dependent because the counselee (teacher) relies on the school counselor to collect and interpret behavioral data.
Behavior Therapy: Focus on how to reinforce, eliminate, or modify a wide range of behaviors.
-All behaviors are learned
-no human personality traits
- Learning through responsive learning, operant conditioning, social modelling
Benefits of professional association advocacy, professional development, advocacy, liability insurance and networking, access to the latest research and resources, and leadership development.
Benefits of Small Group Counseling for Students 1. Natural interpersonal context for students
2. Create a safe context for students to practice interpersonal skills and receive feedback
3. Allow students to hear from others with similar experiences.
4. Allow many more students to be mentored by the counselor than in individual activities
Betty Friedan 1921-2006. American feminist, activist and author. Best known for sparking the "second wave" of feminism by writing her book, The Feminine Mystique.
Founder of BF Skinner's Operant Conditioning; can change behavior through reinforcement given after a desired response
bias prejudice; an inclination or fondness, especially one that interferes with an unbiased judgment.
Biased Judgment Judgments that favor one group over another are tests that have historically been developed and standardized typically for middle-class white children. Children of color, especially African American and Hispanic children, were and often are at a disadvantage on tests because the test items are more familiar to middle-class white children.
prejudice A tendency to believe that some people's ideas are better than others, which usually results in some people being treated unfairly.
Bicultural minorities identify with both the majority culture and their own minority culture.
Biculturalism while maintaining American cultural values ​​and backgrounds.
large and small types of power clearance
Bigender A person whose gender identity is a combination of male and female.
bigotry prejudice; intolerance
Bilingual and bicultural education: training in students' native languages ​​along with training in English
-Teach students about the history and culture of their home country as well as American history and culture.
- Increase in the number of Arabic-speaking immigrants in the last two decades of the 20th century
- poses a challenge for educators and students both trying to overcome language barriers
bilingual education accepts the use of 2 languages ​​as a medium of instruction and develops the native language and culture in the process of teaching English language learning and learning academic subjects bilingual education can use both the native language and English as the medium of instruction
The Bill of Rights states that people have the right to own guns to protect themselves from the government. and they didn't want that for blacks. Why were blacks outlawed gun ownership?
Binary When two realms are configured as opposites. If something is female, it cannot be male. If something is male, it cannot be female.
Biological Basically it says that men and women think differently because they use different parts of their brains.
People with a biomedical or Western approach are considered controlled by biochemical forces,
Biphobia Irrational fear and intolerance of bisexual people.
Bisexuality Also bi. A person who is attracted to two genders or two genders, but not necessarily simultaneously or equally. It used to be defined as someone who is attracted to both sexes or to both sexes, but since there are not just two genders (see Intersex and Transgender) and not just two genders (see Transgender), this definition is incorrect. .
Black Codes after Reconstruction, local laws passed throughout the South that restricted the civil and political rights of African Americans.
The Black Codes established a range of requirements including poll taxes, property qualifications and literacy tests.
Black cultural capital – “non-dominant” cultural capital
- Critical Race Theory (CRT) - the cultural knowledge, skills, abilities and contacts of socially marginalized groups
-Epistemology - Studies on the sources of knowledge. Whose knowledge counts and whose is discounted?
Black identity development model 5 levels before the encounter
Another
Immersion-Emersion Internalization
internalization obligation

Description in Notes**
Black Panthers A black political organization opposed to peaceful protest and to violence when necessary. The organization marked a shift in black movement politics, favoring militant ideals over peaceful protests. Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed racism was an inherent part of American capitalist society and were self-styled revolutionary militants. by BlackPower.
Black Panthers A black political organization opposed to peaceful protest and to violence when necessary. The organization marked a shift in black movement politics, favoring militant ideals over peaceful protest; “Proponents of Self-Government for Black Americans” https://o.quizlet.com/l1Q0eML8LHcC6NjnKW7m0g_m.jpg
Blacks and exposure therapy for agoraphobia Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety is more successful

Chambless and Williams, 1995, found that both blacks and whites improve, but blacks start and finish worse and show fewer changes in panic attack frequency.

Friedmanet. al., 1994 found similar responses between whites and blacks
Blockbusting The practice of persuading property owners to sell property cheaper for fear that people of a different race or class will move into the neighborhood and therefore benefit from a resale at a higher price.
Boarding schools designed to house and educate children far from their home communities. Particularly problematic for Native American children, as boarding schools were used to replace native culture and language with European culture.
Bobby Seale, militant founder/leader of the Black Panthershttps://farm4.staticflickr.com/3073/2868689341_9774dd8376_m.jpg
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915), founder of Tuskegee and a major leader of African Americans in the late 19th century and the first 15 years of the 20th century; the author of Up from Slavery
Bowlby's Theory of Grief Similar process when we lose someone important to us
Self-disclosure Breadth of subject matter disclosed or disclosed to others
The solution-focused brief consultation focuses on helping clients find solutions right in a
Limited time. It's based on the assumption that customers have them
Strengths and resources for change and that guidance is most effective when focused on
Create unique solutions for each customer. Change the focus of the problem
Determination to create present and future solutions
brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS, 1954 Supreme Court Decision Reversing Plessy v. Ferguson's Segregation Policy, Declaring Separate Can Never Be Equal, and A Year Later Ordering the Integration of All Public Schools with All Deliberate Speed. quizlet.com/fXuIQ9U3DXvuPw2Fl3JC0g_m.jpg
brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS, 1954 Supreme Court decision reversing Plessy v. Ferguson's segregation policy, declaring that segregated can never be the same, and ordering the integration of all public schools with all deliberate haste a year later
Brown v. The Board of Education declared public school segregation unconstitutional and ordered all states to end school segregation once and for all.
Bureau of Ethnology, a social science department active during the New Deal; employed experts to create greater awareness of tribal culture and potential cultural barriers to administration
Bureau of Indian Affairs, an agency of the Department of the Interior charged with administering Native American lands and assets
Bus transportation In a civil rights context, the transportation of public school students from the areas in which they live to schools in other areas to abolish schools based on housing patterns.
Buttering Up (the boss) gets people to do things we don't want them to do by telling them they can do better

Example: SANDRA asks her friend Lauren to bring her dress back to the store for her money because she is not good at doing such things.
What year did all states have a poll tax in 1889?
Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners who seek profit rather than the state.
Capitalist class (class) Investment bankers, CEOs, executives
Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act The Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act (Perkins) was recently reauthorized in August 2006. Perkins' goal is to provide individuals with the academic and technical skills needed to succeed in an area of ​​knowledge- and skill-based economics through vocational and technical education.
self-actualization by Carl Rogers; the driving force to reach your full potential
Carl Rogers defined "congruence" as the ability to be authentic and real when working with a client. When a counselor's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are NOT contradictory, the counselor is better off being more fully with the client.
Carl Rogers - Defense Denial Process, Distortions are ways to reduce our anxiety levels.

consume energy/leave us less energy that can be used for other purposes

preliminary corrections; reduces our ability to deal with stress in other aspects of life (leaving us with internal conflicts at an unconscious level)
Carl Rogers - Unconditional Positive Regard: An environment where we feel loved, accepted and respected simply for being who we are, regardless of who we are or how we feel.
Case History Interview The best strategy for dealing with differences is prepared
History Interview Research in advance potential communication and other cultural issues that could affect the interview and diagnostic process
Case History Interview Work closely with interpreters, translators and other professionals who can act as cultural mediators
published case law opinions of judges interpreting laws, regulations and constitutional provisions
Caster Semenya It was revealed after her victory at the 2009 World Championships that she had undergone a gender test.[2] She was withdrawn from international competition until July 6, 2010, when the IAAF cleared her to return to competition.
Catharine Beecher (1800-1878), a prominent advocate of women's education during most of the 19th century, argued that women's education should develop their intellectual faculties for a better fulfillment of women's responsibilities.
César Chávez Organized Union of Rural Workers (UFW); Helping migrant farm workers get better wages and working conditions, non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers 1963-1970. Workers organized in California and the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.
Chainchatting talks continuously without listening to others
Chapter 9 Vocabulary:
1st connection

2. Countertransference

3. Cooperation

4. Egalitarian

5. Empathy 1. Having feelings of closeness to therapist, working together in a supportive atmosphere, receiving support for change, and offering equal status in the relationship.

2. Responding to the client based on the therapist's personal problems

3. Shared process that respects customer opinions and encourages participation.

4. Reduce the power imbalance between therapist and client

5. Put yourself in the customer's world, feel or think from the customer's perspective, be in tune, help the customer feel understood
That is, those with colorblind attitudes showed lower levels of empathy.
Interpretations of the chemical code system from chemical functions, body odor, tears, sweat, gas, household odors...
The Cherokee case v. 19th-century Georgia Supreme Court, which, under the leadership of Judge John Marshall, established the Native American doctrine as "dependent home protectors" of the federal government
Chicano Name for Mexican Americans who made up the majority of US agricultural migrant workers in 1970.
Chinese Americans and Outcomes Studies for Depression Dai et. Al., 1999

8 weeks of CBT led to an improvement in the somatic and depressive symptoms, 8 weeks on the waiting list did not
Chinese Exclusion Law of 1882 (1882) Denied entry to the country for more Chinese workers, allowing immigration of students and merchants.
Cisgender A person who naturally or voluntarily conforms to society's gender/gender expectations (also known as "heterosexual sex" or "gender norm").
Cisgender Assumes that all people are cisgender, thereby excluding those who identify as trans in any way. It's also about believing that cisgender people are superior, forcing people to conform to traditional gender expectations, or punishing or excluding those who don't conform to traditional gender expectations.
civil liberties the rights to personal liberty guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments to the united states constitution and by laws of congress
Civil Rights Act of 1964 This Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, outlawed discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public institutions, and outlawed discrimination in the workplace.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights law, was the first civil rights law passed by the United States Congress since Reconstruction after the American Civil War.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was also a sign of Congressional support for Brown's Supreme Court decisions.
Civil Rights Act 1964 (1964) Act under Johnson making segregation illegal in all public institutions, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Civil Rights Act of 1964 A federal statute authorizing federal action against segregation in public housing, public facilities and the workplace.https://o.quizlet.com/W.YA.K8WqrdU7Int7TNKug_m.jpg
Civil Rights Act of 1964 A federal law authorizing federal action against segregation in public places, public facilities and the workplace. The law was passed at a time of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson convinced many reluctant congressmen to support the law.
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin, and made it a federal crime to “use force or threat of force to injure, intimidate, or disturb any person.” .. race, color, religion, or Nationality".
Civil Rights Act of 1991, which prohibited discrimination based on race, sex, national origin or religion in public places and most workplaces.
Class lessons have their own curriculum and are not a substitute for the regular teacher. Classroom coaching is a form of preventive mental health development and helps reduce the need for individual and recovery interventions, and is no less valuable than other forms of counseling intervention. Content for classroom guidance must be provided by school counselors, although they may teach in teams with the class teacher. Within comprehensive models, classroom guidance is seen as an integral part of the general school curriculum, with identified competencies and learning outcomes for all students.
Orientation in the classroom: Dissemination of information about... 1. Educational planning
2. Drugs and alcohol
3. Sexuality
4th race
5. Personal protection
6. interpersonal relationships
Classroom Guidance: Preemptive Programming... 1. Improve academic performance
2. Fight against cultural oppression
3. Teach problem solving conflict resolution
4. Coping Skills
Orientation in the classroom: acquiring skills... 1. Listening comprehension
2. Self-Assessment Skills
3. Learning Skills
4. interpersonal skills
The client got better very quickly and the true unconscious benefit was not resolved. escape to health
Clients of color prefer a therapeutic relationship in which the helper is more active and insightful, and not averse to offering advice and suggestions when necessary
Cloture process used in the Senate to limit debate on a billhttps://farm3.staticflickr.com/2798/4450623309_5a01157463_m.jpg
Code switching can change language styles for different situations
Present in different dialects and different languages.
Cognitive Counseling Patients learn to control where their attention is directed or to change the content of their thoughts.
Ex. They learn to replace maladaptive thoughts with constructive thoughts and learn to divert their attention from them
Cognitive development requires children to play an active role in the development of their gender identity. Boys look to role models to teach themselves male and female behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance When new truths compete with established beliefs for a place in our consciousness, we tend to respond with all kinds of defenses.
Research on cognitive dissonance is primarily concerned with the formulation of cognition and attitude.
Cognitive/Behavioural Therapy: Focus on mental processes and their impact on mental health
- The way people think largely determines how they feel and behave.
- When individuals change the way they think, feelings and behavior will change as a result.
- The CBT approach comes later and uses behavioral tasks to modify faulty perceptions and interpretations of important life events.
Working with Outside Providers While it is recommended that school counselors work with other service providers on behalf of the student, ethical conduct requires consent to be obtained first (you must obtain informed written consent from parents or students over the age of 18).
Collaborative models are mutual, shared and reciprocal.
Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung) Part of the mind deep in the unconscious that stores ideas and memories common to all humans throughout history
Collectivist 9. Describes a way of thinking and feeling in which a person defines themselves as a member of a whole group, beyond their individual isolation.
Women's College Education Historically restricted to men, women's college education became more common in the 19th century with the establishment of women's colleges, several of which exist today, although some have historically merged with men's colleges. Throughout the 20th century, most women were educated in co-educational institutions, although for most of the century women's career opportunities were focused on teaching, nursing, social work, and other female-dominated occupations
Colonial women's education was generally only available to white and middle-class girls, usually provided by parents and guardians at home, and often justified by the need that women should be able to read the Bible and their children to teach.
Color blindness indicates that you do not see a person's race and treat everyone equally regardless of race
Color blindness When color is the problem, we pretend we don't see it. To ignore racial identity is to deny an intimate and important aspect of one's identity.
Color blindness statements indicating that a white person does not wish to recognize race.
Coming Out Acknowledging your own sexual orientation, gender identity or sexual identity and being open about yourself and others.
Community relationships form groups and share energy with others.
The communication accommodation theory (Howard Giles) explains why people in intercultural conversations can converge or diverge in their communication behavior with others.
Communication perspective... Means of understanding messages are exchanged and meanings negotiated between two or more people; Communication happens all the time in everyday life.
Emphasis on community control in democratic community decision-making as opposed to federal or state government control of social and educational programs
Complete transcendence and limitations in our mind with no inner conflicts; without wishes

fully concentrated; I'm not worried about anything

identify with everything and everyone!

We don't need energy from the world around us because there is ALWAYS energy around us!
Totally complete transcendence realizes that there is no "I".

there is nothing to identify with; nothing to be in harmony; nothing to interact with

accept everything that is lived and let everything/everyone be as he/she is

nothing matters! everything is just "is"
Components for creating a comprehensive school tutoring program Organisation, planning, implementation and evaluation
Comprehensive programs provide placement, follow-up, and follow-up activities to help students take their next steps. Direct delivery of counseling and other on-demand tutoring activities are included as there may be a need for immediate direct services to students while still on school premises.
conceptual equivalence that gives meaning to the variety of concepts that each culture defines as real and good
Gender Concepts Biologically born boy/girl
as we think
attributions of meaning to the body
Concurrent validity by correlating test results with results of a simultaneously assessed criterion, important for personality tests
Concurrent validity is... The comparison of two measurements taken at the same time: the degree of agreement between two tests
Confederate soldiers and politicians Who else could become US citizens again?
Confirmation Strategy Look for evidence that supports your hypotheses and ignore data that disagrees with this perspective.
Conflict when a person has a positive and a negative factor at the same time. for example. Attracted to handsome boy who is addicted. Focus - Conflict Avoidance (More Difficult)
Kurt Lewin
Confrontation involves verbally holding seemingly different or inconsistent aspects of customer messages and behavior “in front of” customers for them to see. Help customers clarify, resolve, or accept the discrepancy
Confronting involves... 1. Bringing seemingly contradictory or incongruous aspects of customer messages and behavior "in front of the customer" for them to see.
2. Help customers clarify, resolve or accept the discrepancy
Congress for Racial Equality Congress for Racial Equality; Helped organize military integration and later "Freedom Rides".https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7106/7030105405_4987a527eb_m.jpg
Congruence, when our desires and experiences unite
personal, emotionally charged, private and specific connotative meanings for a particular person
Systematic construct validity study of the adequacy of tests to assess a specific psychological construct, personality tests.
Content validity by looking at the content of tests, especially proficiency tests
Content validity is... The degree to which an achievement test provides an adequate and representative sample of the subject (content) of the learning objective whose performance the test is intended to measure.
Contextual style Social roles people assume in relationships with others
Control implies status or social dominance, having the power or prestige to affect events around us
CORE Congress of Racial Equality: A 1942 racial equality organization founded by James Leonard Farmer, a US civil rights organization that played a key role in the civil rights movement from its inception in 1942 through the mid-1960s open to anyone who believes that "all men are created equal" and ready to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world; associated with the Freedom Riders
Correlation coefficients range from -1.00 through 0.00 to +1.00
Correspondence between internal/external conflicts Internal – our desires collide with the conflicts of others

External – others represent what happened, is, or could happen
Counseling becomes a socio-political act when ... abnormality and normality are judged according to Euro-American standards and imposed on our clients.
Courts Separate tribunals were established only for black cases
Courts use the standard “________ ______” when considering the implications of alleged workplace harassment or discrimination. reasonable sacrifice
Courts examine the plaintiff's own conduct to determine whether the conduct caused the _______ work environment. hostile
Credibility Constellation of qualities that make certain individuals appear trustworthy, capable, trustworthy, trustworthy, and trustworthy.
credibility
Credibility can be defined as the constellation of qualities that make certain individuals appear trustworthy, capable, trustworthy, and trustworthy.
Experience is an ability variable while reliability is a motivational variable.
Crimes and Punishments: Different Levels and Types of Punishment Between Freedmen and Whites. Punishments included prison gangs and employing convicts.
The (predictive) validity of the criterion is the degree to which a test score predicts an individual's score on a test or performance in another area. (i.e. when correlated, a test of academic achievement can be used to predict career success)
Transvestite Someone who temporarily wears clothing of the opposite sex. This term replaced "transvestite", which is now considered obsolete and offensive.
Cult of domesticity emphasized in the 18th and 19th centuries; the general view that a woman's place is in the home, with the implication that women should be educated to do the home and household chores
Cultural adaptations to therapies may include a) the language used, d. H. to say that it is not helpful and not unreasonable
b) Inclusion of values ​​– i.e. religion, respect
c) inclusion of metaphors, proverbs, e.g. B. “God helps those who help themselves”
d) consider the environment as SSE and the conflicts experienced
Culture blindness Refusal to acknowledge the culture of others (rejection of differences)
(e.g. lack of training to provide special services to minorities)
Cultural capital – status of incorporation – external wealth made an integral part of a person through purchase or exchange.
- Objectified by the state - Cultural property
- Institutionalized State - Ways to Objectify Academic Qualifications
Cultural capital endowments such as B. Academic competency, language proficiency, and abilities that confer an advantage on an individual, family, or group.
cultural competence a congruent set of behaviors, attitudes, and policies
who come together in a system, an agency or between professionals,
& enables you to work effectively in multicultural situations
the ability of the cultural competency provider to recognize, honor and respect the beliefs, interaction style and behavior of the individuals and families they serve
Cultural Competence Openly investigating, experiencing and discussing our embodied emotions in relation to race, culture, gender and other socio-demographic differences.
Cultural Competence Understanding the difference that differences make
(For example, you have a balanced bilingual staff/customer relationship)
Cultural deprivation due to a lack of cultural background suggests that many groups perform poorly on tests or have deviant characteristics because they lack many of the advantages of middle-class culture.
Cultural destructiveness Eradication of differences
(e.g. provide documentation in English only)
Cultural Differences The fundamental differences between people stem from nationality, ethnicity and culture; as well as family history and individual experiences.
Cultural encapsulation the replacement of the real world with model stereotypes and the disregard for cultural differences in a dogmatic adherence to a universal notion of truth.
Cultural Generalizations Comprehensive characterizations can be useful as a general guide to anticipate and discuss cultural responses, attitudes, and behaviors in a neutral way.
Cultural identity therapy groups for children with prejudice, building their resilience and coping with biased attitudes and behaviors, and promoting their own positive identity within their culture.
Cultural Disability Impaired Differences
(e.g. enter family values)
Cultural paranoia is AA's healthy and adaptive response to its historical and contemporary experiences of oppression.
cultural patterns shared judgments about what the world is, what it should be, and widespread expectations about how people should behave.
Cultural pluralism is a state in which social and educational values ​​foster a diversity of perspectives, languages, ethnic and cultural values ​​that are mutually enriching through their harmonious coexistence.
Cultural pre-competence Recognize and begin to respond to differences
(e.g. recognizes the high attrition rate of minority shareholders in the organization and strives for change)
Cultural Mastery Learning and growing through differences
(e.g. offers hotline services in several languages)
Cultural profile Cultural background as the main reason for suspicion.
Proponents of cultural relativism focus on culture and how clutter is dealt with within it.
Cultural relativism The view that the actions of other cultures are different and equally valid
cultural stereotype An established impression that, while ill-founded, is nonetheless maintained by people unwilling to engage with the subject.
cultural tendencies Patterns of behavior and values ​​commonly observed in a culture
Advocates of cultural universality focus on disorders and treatments and downplay cultural factors.
Cultural values ​​are your ideas of what is good, right, just, and right.
Culturally adjusted CT for Chinese clients with generalized anxiety disorder Zhang et. Al., 2002

Created the Chinese Taoist cognitive therapy

Clients with GAD received therapy, benzodiazepines, or combination therapy

Reviews at one month and six months, faster resolution but less effective compared to therapy, but the combination was good on both counts
The culturally disabled model suggests that the lifestyles and values ​​of people of color make them culturally disadvantaged compared to whites, or render them disabled or disadvantaged.
The culturally diverse model recognizes the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles and encourages differences in the ability of people of color to be bicultural.
Culture A group of people who share the same common beliefs.
Culture consists of all the things people have learned to do, believe in, appreciate and enjoy. they are the ideals, beliefs, abilities, customs, customs, and institutions into which every member of society is born.
Culture Social patterns of human thought and behavior.
cultural beliefs, customs, arts, etc. of a particular society, group, place or time
Culture The intergenerational transmission of traditions, ways of life, coping behaviors, values, norms, and beliefs (Whaley & Davis 2007)
Pervasive and pervasive culture - belief systems, behaviors, traditions - unspoken assumptions and shared values ​​are not recognized
Limited culture is tied to the cultural conditioning in which the person was born and raised; includes beliefs, values, circumstances and world views.
The culture of poverty is deficit thinking and part of the ideology of white supremacy. Most, if not all, of the historically segregated black schools that AA children attended were deliberately organized against the ideology of black inferiority. In other words, they were not just places of learning, but also instituted practices and behaviors, and expected outcomes, that not only promoted education—an act of insurrection in itself—but were also destined to challenge the ideology of intellectuals and afro -Inferiority to combat Americanism. Ideologies that saw African Americans as not quite equal and less than human. Everything about these institutions should affirm black humanity, black intelligence, and black achievement.
Sectarian relativism focuses on culture and how disorder is manifested and dealt with within it.
Dawes Allotment Act, a law of 1887 that allowed Native American tribal members to claim private ownership of tribal lands
Highest child poverty rate in DC
De facto segregation Segregation due to economic or social conditions or personal choices.
de facto segregation The separation of groups that occurs when people choose to live in different neighborhoods or join different clubs and social groups
de jure segregation Legally prescribed racial segregation
de jure segregation the separation of groups of people mandated by local, state, or federal policy
Deconstruction 7. A process of implosion of meanings. Words, phrases and sentences are complicated by considering how what is lacking in their meaning is revealed.
De facto segregation due to unwritten custom or traditionhttps://o.quizlet.com/ASAv7rhOLcX1ahwqQOfDjQ_m.jpg
Define deviation as the difference between an observed value and the expected value of a variable or function
define average. The average value in a data set is found by adding all the values ​​and dividing the total by the number of values ​​in the data set.
Define mean. the measure of central tendency, occupying the middle position in a ranking of values. It usually has the same number of items above and below.
customization mode. the most frequently occurring class/value in a set of numbers
Define variance as a measure of how spread out values ​​are in a distribution. The greater the variance, the greater the distance between the individual cases and the group mean.
Definition of cultural competence Cultural competence is the ability to engage in actions or to create conditions that maximize the optimal development of clients and client systems (institutions, policies and practices). Multicultural counseling competence is defined as the counselor's acquisition of the awareness, knowledge and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society and at the organisational/societal level and to engage effectively in the development of new theories, practices, policies and Deploy organizational structures more responsive to all groups.
Defining multicultural counseling/therapy as a supportive role and process that uses modalities and sets goals consistent with clients' life experiences and cultural values; recognizes client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions; advocates the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process; and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of clients and client systems
De jure segregation by law. https://o.quizlet.com/C.hfgmN5q22w-q48kRkTyQ_m.jpg
Confederate state delegates would have to go to a convention to write a new constitution for the state, which was the second step in the problem.
Delivery System School Guidance Curriculum Individual Student Planning Incoming Service System Support
Delivery system is how the program is implemented
DELV test for speakers of American English and not for MAE; contains subtests for quick matching tasks
Democrat but he was elected Vice President by Republican Lincoln Andrew Johnson, was he a Republican or a Democrat?
Democratic Style Group Leader Leader collaborates with members
Denial unable to accept the situation (dying)
The denial of whiteness is related to two underlying factors. Whiteness is transparent because of its everyday occurrence - institutionalized normative traits in our cultures (ideal, average, neutral), but whiteness is not invisible to people of color because it is not normative to them

Euro-Americans deny being white and seem irritated by the label and become defensive: "I'm not white, I'm Irish" - the statements are valid, but still cannot explain their Irish origins, say, only in most cases superficial senses
denotative meanings public, objective and legal meanings
Depression before acceptance (often crying)
Depth of self-disclosure refers to the degree of "personality" about yourself that is revealed.
Skin Code System Short-term changes in skin texture or sensitivity due to physical or psychological responses to the environment, e.g. Redness, blanching or goosebumps
Describe the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Black Americans looted Asian American businesses.
The riot came as African Americans were outraged by the acquittal of four white Los Angeles Police Department officers in the caning of Rodney King, a black driver.
Of the 4,500 stores looted and burned, 2,300 were owned by Koreans.
This has led to openly racist behavior between the groups. For example, some Asian-American shopkeepers blatantly refused to do business with or follow African-American customers, and African-Americans may blatantly use racial slurs such as "Chinese" or "Chinese" when speaking to Korean workers.
Descriptive stereotype ..., describes beliefs about what the typical man and woman are like
Erich Fromm Destructiveness – Technique related to attempting to destroy those we believe have power
Development of low self-esteem when basic needs are not being met and others are stealing too much energy/feeling drained

develop insecurities
Developmental Disabilities Mental or physical disabilities during birth or adolescence. usually functional limitations in at least three areas of important life activities, such as personal hygiene, language, learning, mobility, independent living, etc.
Diagnostic obfuscation can occur when the presence of a problem is downplayed because attention is drawn to a more salient feature.
Dialect versions of a language with different vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation spoken by a specific group or within a specific region (Ebonics)
Diana Baumrind- Parenting styles/effects on the children's level of acceptance (the caregiver gives - space) and the control/demand level (the caregiver takes - contact)
Diaspora This migration and desperation of the people in their homeland.
Didactics in the sense of the group process is defined as _____ consisting of reading tasks, lectures and group discussions.
different cultural background will produce what? various communication disorders
Dimensions of identity - rounding a-traits people are born into, b-acquired traits, c-historical events, a+b+c-all converge to form an individual identity
direct style explicit verbal meanings, European-American language
Discount (feeling) to minimize importance
Discriminant validity is... A type of validity determined by formulating hypotheses and examining different relationships between a test and measures of similar or different constructs. It is the opposite of convergent validity. Evidence that a measure of a construct actually measures that construct.
Discrimination Biased attitude or prejudice towards a group.
discrimination *external* behavior of a person,
Prejudiced actions: exclude, ignore, avoid, threaten, ridicule, jokes, slander, violence, unfair treatment
Discrimination that deprives someone of their freedom or denies them the same privileges/rights that you have because of their race, gender, religion or sexual preference.
Discrimination Showing bias or prejudice; a harmful act.
Discrimination under the Employment Act 1967 It is illegal for an employer, employment agency or labor organization to discriminate against any person on the basis of race, colour, religious belief, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, genetic information or descent. unless it is based on credibly good professional qualifications
disorganization / despair at the limit; fall into a state of chaos/mental disorder

the fear experienced forces us to recognize/adapt to the new situation

*Wish
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Extreme inner conflicts paralyze us; Difficulty forming close and meaningful relationships with others because of your unpredictable behavioral patterns
The infant with disorganized/disoriented attachment is unresponsive/unpredictable; abusive caretaker; The most insecure form of attachment
unequal impact A condition in which employment practices are seemingly neutral, but disproportionately exclude a protected group from employment opportunities.
Unequal Treatment... Discrimination that occurs when people are treated differently because they belong to a protected class.
Display rules determine when and under what circumstances various non-verbal expressions are required.
Distinguishing Between Mental and Physical Functioning: 1. Many Native Americans, Asians, Africans, and Hispanics have different ideas about what constitutes mental health, mental illness, and adjustment.
2. You can start treatment like doctors or priests. an immediate conclusion and concrete and tangible forms of treatment are expected.
Diversity can create the illusion of participation
when in reality there is no common power,
Attendance means very little without decision-making authority, shared resources, and agenda/plan/policy development
Diversity Real or perceived differences that affect your interactions and relationships.
diversity variety; differences
Climate of diversity Individual, cross-group and organizational factors that affect the climate for different groups and support or reject diversity in an organization
Does your school have high expectations of all students? Are texts, lectures, and discussion topics chosen to provide a safe environment for discussing controversial ideas?
Domestic partner Someone who lives with the loved one and/or has at least some emotional and financial solidarity with the other. Another word for spouse, lover, partner, etc.
Dominant culture Culture most strongly represented in a society's power structure and in institutions such as government and education; may be a numerical minority in the culture as a whole, but wield disproportionate power
Dominant Culture The cultural values, beliefs, and practices that are believed to be most prevalent and influential within a given society.
dominant/oppressive access to power,
I ship cheap
provide standards/norms,
privilege
He doesn't have to, but he forces you to work. What is involuntary bondage?
Top-down counterfactuals help us be excited, positive, and grateful.

*Optimistic people are good at using both counterfactuals!

Example: When they want to change for the better, they think about "how things can get better" U.C. and imagine how things will be after you leave D.C.

*Remember also the example of the medalists
dr Sue: Write templates

a. positive-positive

b. Negative positive

C. Positive negative

i.e. negative-negative a) positive-positive: identifies with Japanese and American culture
b) Negative-positive: rejection of (white) American culture and acceptance of Japanese-American culture - role conflict
c) Positive-negative: accept white culture and reject Japanese culture - role conflict
d) Negative-negative: rejection of both cultures
Drag The act of donning gender-specific clothing and engaging in gender-specific behavior as part of a performance, most often clothing and behavior not normally associated with one's gender identity. Drag queens represent femininity theatrically. Drag kings represent masculinity theatrically. Drag can be performed as a political commentary on the genre, as a parody, or simply for entertainment. The drag performance does not indicate sexuality, gender identity or sexual identity.
Dual Teacher Relationship Avoid entering into a personal mentoring relationship with staff. From a counseling perspective, it is appropriate and recommended that the school counselor be a resource for the rest of the staff. Offering recommendations to potential tutors that the teacher can ask for advice is the best approach.
Duplicity 16. Acting in one way within one's own culture but in a different way between people of the dominant culture to avoid conflict.
Dynamic assessment measures performance over time using a test-teach-reassess paradigm to assess learning potential
e.net'ers Emerging global identities based on internet connections/groups
The first Arab-American immigrants easily adopted the English language, were mostly Christian, came from rural Syria and Lebanon, worked long, hard hours, and tried to maintain their cultural identity by living at home, in churches and mosques and taught in clubs.
Ebonics term referring to the African American dialect
Where was Ebonics developed? Oakland California in 1996
EC (External Control) & ER (External Responsibility) A person with high systemic debt and external control feels that they can do very little in the face of severe external obstacles such as prejudice and discrimination.
EC (External Control) and IR (Internal Responsibility) Individuals who accept the dominant culture's definition of self-responsibility, but have very little real control over how others define it. fringe man.
CE-ER people feel there is very little that can be done in the face of external server obstacles such as prejudice and discrimination.
EC-IR accepts the dominant culture's definition of responsibility, but has very little real control over how others define it.
Ecological family theory argues that behavior cannot be understood or predicted by observing the individual in isolation.
-->The child's social education is very important, but it cannot only focus on the immediate environment, we must focus on the whole environment -->The relationship between family members is important.
There is a basic family structure, and when that breaks down, behavior problems arise.
Ecologically valid assessment Dynamic assessments
Ecologically valid assessment Formal assessment in L1 and L2, if necessary with standardized tests
Ecologically valid test Informal L1 and L2 tests based on checklists, comparative tests, language samples, authentic performance tests
Ecologically valid assessment observation in natural settings (e.g. classroom, playground, lunch, library, home)
Ecologically valid test L1 and L2 competence to determine language competence in both (e.g. BICS and CALP)
Ecologically valid assessment Detailed anamnesis interview
Economic Debt: Funding Disparities Between Schools for White Children and Schools for Children of Color (Urban vs. Suburban)
- School funding levels generally increase as white students increase.
- Differences in entry rates in relation to school years. People of color earn less
Eddie Izzard first began speaking freely about his cross-dressing at venues like the Edinburgh Festival back in 1992.
Edic 12. See a culture from an outside perspective. Without
Education Debt - Accumulated over time
- includes historical, economic, socio-political and moral components
- Argument that we don't have a performance gap, but that the problem is educational debt. Debt weighs heavily on children in low-income areas, leading to a variety of social problems.
Education group (description) Course specification for teaching and process as a goal
Edward Hall, who created the high and low context cultural taxonomy.
EEOC Sexual Harassment Guidelines 1980 (a) Sexual harassment is a violation of Title VII. Unsolicited sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment if (1) submission to such conduct is express or implied a condition or condition of employment of any person; (2) submission or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting that individual; or (3) such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's job performance or of creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment.
elaborate style frequent metaphors, sayings and other figurative language, Arabic and Latin style preferred
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
Necessary elements of the therapeutic alliance: A) Affective attachment
B) Mutual agreement of goals
C) Interventions that both client and therapist consider important
Elijah Muhammad leader of the Nation of Islam from 1945 until his death in 1975. He helped many people and was a strong civil rights advocate, but he engaged in some shady activities and fell out of favor with Malcolm X, who later formed his own civil rights group.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American social activist, abolitionist, and a leading figure in the early women's rights movement. Her Statement of Sentiments, presented at the first Women's Rights Convention in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with founding the first organized movements for women's rights and women's suffrage in the United States.
ELL learn English
Emancipation Proclamation (1862) an order by President Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; came into force on January 1, 1863
symbolizes nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal counterpart, e.g. Peace sign or wave hello or goodbye
Emic 11. See a culture from a perspective that is inherent to it. Inside
Emic lifestyles, cultural values ​​and worldviews influence behavioral expression.
Cultural values ​​and emic (culture-specific) worldviews influence the expression and detection of deviant behavior. All theories of human development spring from a cultural content.
respectful emic perspective of native culture
Emics how and why culture makes us different
emigrated to leave your country to move to another country
Emigration Leaving the country to settle elsewhere.
Emma Hart Willard (1787-1870), founder of Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York, and a leading advocate for women's education.
Emotional Blocks Strong emotions related to race, gender, sexual orientation that have been kept out of our awareness.
empathetic (feeling) v. Sympathetic Empathetic: affective portion of client's message identity is not reported, showing counselor/listener's awareness of client
Class
Empathy Recognizing and understanding another person's situation, feelings, and motives.
Empathy means... using active listening to feel what a client is feeling without saying it, or reading the client's emotions even when they are not expressing them (not interpreting, meaning, what the counselor feels/thinks transfer to the client)
Empathic responses always reflect something the client is experiencing and would recognize.
Emphasizes the similarity between people. for example. "People are people" regardless of their origin and culture. etik (derived from the phonetic term referring to the sounds that stay the same in a language).
Relationships Empirically Supported The APA Division 29 Task Force concluded:
the therapeutic relationship contributes to the outcome
works with interventions, clients and “clinical qualities”.
adjusting the relationship increases the effectiveness of the treatment
Treatment should describe what behaviors are helping the relationship
empirically supported treatment APA validated
The therapy should:
a) be better than a placebo
b) be on a par with established treatments
c) effective in case studies
Enculturation Immersion in our own culture to the point where we assume that our own way of life is the norm
endogamous marriage within the same ethnic, cultural or religious group
English as a second language education strategy that relies solely on English to teach and learn the English language ESL programs are often used in this country as the primary means of integrating English learners into the mainstream language as quickly as possible.
ELL English Language Guidelines – English Learners
Epistemology 2. The nature of knowledge
Equal Pay Act of 1963 This Act, an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, requires equal pay for men and women doing the same work.
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) - Requires male and female employees doing the same work for the same employer to be paid the same amount. The law, an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, regulates wage and hour laws for workers in response to Congress finding that the wage gap depresses wages and living standards, fuels labor disputes, disrupts trade and is a method of unfair competition.
ERA Equal Rights Advocates (ERA) is a non-profit women's rights organization founded in 1974. ERA is a legal organization dedicated to protecting and expanding economic and educational access and opportunity for women and girls.
The organization specializes in advocating for the rights of women in minimum wage jobs, women of color and immigrant women. ERA is headquartered in San Francisco and is led by Executive Director Noreen Farrell.
Erik Erikson Erikson believed that social factors also played a key role. His model of psychosocial development consists of eight developmental stages that proceed in a fixed order: 1. trust x distrust (between birth and 1 year); 2. Autonomy x Shame and Doubt (from 2 to 3 years); 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 4 to 5); 4. Work vs. inferiority (from age 6 to puberty); 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence); 6. Privacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) 8. Ego integrity vs. despair (late adulthood) When the outcome of a crisis is favorable, a person acquires some virtue or strength; If this fails, the person develops a nonconformist character and continues to struggle with this conflict later in life.
Erikson's 8 Stages of Male Personality * The individual faces different “crises” or developmental tasks
1. Trust vs. distrust
2. Autonomy v. shame / doubt
3. initiative of fault
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity x role confusion
6. Intimacy x Isolation
7. Generativity x stagnation
8. I Integrity v. Despair
Essentialization If we assume that all members of a gender are equal.

Ex All women are bad drivers. All men like to hunt.
Estelle Freedman, co-founder of the Feminist Studies Program
Belonging to an ethnic group based on national origin or the national origin of your ancestors when they immigrated to the United States
Ethnic Identity... Develop a sense of belonging and learn about the customs and culture of your ethnic group
Ethnic identity is part of a person's overall self-image. Ethnic identity development is described as a process of identity construction over time through an individual's experiences and actions.
Ethnic composition of the US Census Bureau, 2008

15.4% Hispanic or Latino
12.4% African American
4.4% Asians
Ethnic match results are inconsistent with the outcome, but can result in more attended sessions and lower dropout rates.

It may be more important for some minorities, such as those who are less acculturated and those with limited language skills (Sue et al., 1991).

Irrespective of this, effect sizes are always small.

Erdur et al., 2003: no difference between ethnically matched and mismatched client/therapist dyads for outcome symptoms; Peerless had greater ailments prior to treatment
Ethnicity Common characteristics of the group based on race, nationality, religion, language, customs and/or shared history.
Ethnicity refers to connection based on common ground - country of origin and common history
Acceptance of the group's mores and customs of their culture of origin and sense of belonging
Ethnocentric...who believe in the superiority of their own ethnic and cultural group and have a corresponding disdain for all other groups
Ethnocentric Evaluation of other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.
Ethnocentric monoculturalism is the unequal balance of power or status between groups.
Ethnocentric Monoculturalism Counseling and psychotherapy theories, the standards used to assess normality and abnormality, and the actual process of mental health practice are culturally bound and reflect a monocultural perspective of the helping professions.
Ethnocentrism, valuing other people's cultures with one's own values.
Ethnocentrism Belief that one's culture and belief systems are superior to all others
Ethnocentrism The belief that members of one's own culture do things 'right'
Ethnocentrism is defined as... the tendency of most people to judge by their own way of life; now it also indicates the belief of the majority of individuals that their race, culture, society, etc. make them superior to all others.
Good ethical advice is good advice. Western notions of normality can be seen as applicable in all cultures.
Ethically (culturally universal) all are equal; The problems are the same in all cultures and societies. Therefore, minimal modifications in diagnosis and treatment are required.
From an ethical point of view, the prevailing cultural view is decisive
Ethics, what all people have in common
The purpose of evaluation in a school counseling program is to provide valid measurements of how well a program is meeting its goals, to help others understand the role of the counselor, and to collect data for research purposes. It is not used to plan and conduct procedures when the program cannot change
Supporting practical research based on evidence and clinical experience

the integration of the best available research with clinical experience in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences.
The culture was a reminder of how the physical environment limits biological abilities

Example: We may have the biological ability to have children, but the environment in which we live prevents us from having many children
Excellence Level Goals • Provide understanding rather than just teaching math facts
• Teach math language for the purpose of teaching math and not just as a way of solving textbook problems.
• Communicate to your students that math is by no means a fixed body of knowledge, but is in the truest sense of the word an experimental endeavor and that your focus is on solving math problems and that you should continue to try out a variety of strategies in the future
• Have students believe, as he does, that mathematics “is nothing but a reflection of life, and that life itself is mathematical” and want them to know that the symbols used in mathematics reflect the reality of human experience and come close to cosmic operations.
• To give your students a sense of hope that they can become the best
Exchange relationships give and receive energy equally
Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School (1957) The President issued Executive Order 10730 and dispatched federal troops to maintain order and enforce school integration. (Little Rock Nine School) - later expanded to other American schools
Executive Order 11478..., prohibits employment discrimination based on any of the above factors other than political affiliation, marital status or physical disability
Executive Order 13087 - Protections in Federal Employment While no federal law prohibits this type of discrimination, Executive Order 13087, enacted in 1998, specifically prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation in federal employment relationships. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, which outlaws discrimination based on sexual orientation, also protects federal employees from such discrimination.
Executive Order 8802 Also known as the Fair Labor Standards Act, prohibited discrimination in the war industry.
Executive Order 9066 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese Americans forced to live in camps resulting in loss of homes and businesses, 600,000 more renounced their citizenship; showed fear of the Japanese invasion
Existential Therapy: Focus on the quest to become an individual
-the importance of fear, values, freedom and responsibility in human life
- an emphasis on finding meaning in one's actions
- People shape their lives through the decisions they make
Exoticization occurs when an LGBT, Black or religious minority woman is treated as an alien for the pleasure/entertainment of others.
The experiential equivalent words presented must have some meaning within the experiential framework of the person to whom the message is addressed, if I had never seen a television before I would not understand what is being talked about
The experiential (descriptive) group, perhaps focused on a topic, such as B. Grief, has no goal or lesson, but is purely process oriented.
The experienceable in the sense of the group process refers to the personal experience and reality of an individual within the group process.
Ability Demonstrating ability to help...different ability depending on how knowledgeable, able or intelligent the advisor is perceived by others.
External locus of control refers to people's belief that reinforcing events occur independently of their actions and that the future is determined by chance rather than luck.
Oppression externalized exercise of power
Dilated eye pupils are most commonly perceived as a positive reaction to others.

closed eyes - universal sign of disgust and rejection
The role of facilitator in groups encourages the development of group expression, exploration and self-disclosure to discourage dynamics that prevent expression and openness and to model healthy and appropriate interpersonal communication.
Gaps in current/traditional counseling and psychotherapy practices related to culturally appropriate services can be seen in three main areas: 1) The education and training of mental health professionals.
2) Biased and inaccurate literature on mental health and therapy
3) The need to address social issues (Social Justice Training)
False cultural customs do not include how we bury our dead.
The wrong culture doesn't change, it stays the same from the start.
Wrong culture is biologically inherited.
Familiarismo or familismo, loyalty and family cohesion are highly valued
Family (in LGBTIQ terms) Slang term used to identify other members of the LGBTIQ community. For example, an LGBTIQ person saying “this person is family” usually means that the person they are referring to is also LGBTIQ.
Family Sick Leave Act 1993 1993; Employers with 50 or more workers must grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year so workers can take time off to care for a new baby or a sick family member without fear of losing their job.
Desired Family People or groups of people that a person considers important in their life. It can include none, all, or some members of your birth family. In addition, you can include people such as significant others, life partners, friends, and co-workers.
Family systems theory encourages people to think about issues such as marital conflict, addiction, adolescent behavior, difficult relationships, loneliness in relation to a family or multigenerational system. The approach encourages people to stop blaming others and take individual responsibility.
Faragher/Ellerth Defense: The Ellerth and Faragher decisions find that the plaintiff's own conduct is relevant to determining whether unlawful harassment occurred. Some courts have ruled that in a sexual harassment case they must take into account the complainant's provocative language or dress.
Rapid mapping of quick incidental learning tasks; relates to language learning tasks
Feminism The belief that women and men... are inherently equal in worth. Social movements are necessary to achieve equality between men and women and to understand that gender always intersects with other social hierarchies.
FERPA provides that parents and students over the age of 18 have the right to view all official records at any time. It also provides that third party access is limited to those in official positions who need access to that information for the benefit of the student.
Fifteenth Amendment, adopted March 30, 1870; reads in part: "The right of a U.S. citizen to vote shall not be denied or revoked by the United States or any other state on the basis of race, color, or prior easement."
obstruction A lengthy speech aimed at delaying or canceling a vote on a bill; used only in Senatehttps://o.quizlet.com/jWmcmhi.ZuPnJpvCeLEhGw_m.jpg
Final step of group description Identify more of what has been learned and decide how this new learning can become part of daily life: summarize, collect, integrate and finalize
The Five Stages of Death and Dying (Kubler-Ross) apply to any painful experience that requires giving up our desires.
For therapy to be effective, both therapist and client must be able to send and receive verbal and non-verbal messages appropriately and accurately.
Forgiveness Letting go of what we wanted someone to do OR not do (our desires)

When we let go of our desires, we can forgive
Form/join groups Form groups with people who have similar insecurities/desires; so we feel safer
Forms of Capital 1. Intellectual - "knowledge" asset
2. Experience/person – personal experiences
3. spiritual
4. social
5. Materials
6. Financial
7. life
8. Cultural
Core Beliefs and Philosophy, Mission Statement: ASCA Content Standards for Student Academic, Professional, and Personal/Social Development
The basis is the program
Four levels within the Multidimensional Model of Cultural Competence (MDCC) Person: The counselor needs to understand his own biases (Figure 2.4)
Professional: Psychology and counseling are culturally linked and must reflect multicultural worldviews
Organizational: Institutional practices can be oppressive to certain groups. If policies deny equal access, those policies should be targets for change
Social: Social policies (racial profiling, health inequalities) that harm groups, we must advocate for change.
Fourteenth Amendment, adopted July 28, 1868; reads in part: "All persons born or naturalized in and subject to its jurisdiction are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they reside... and no state shall deprive any one of his life, liberty, or property without." due process of law; nor do they deny any person within their jurisdiction the same protections under such laws."
Framework directive that connects the spectrum of things to look out for in a given situation

Example: Number coding exercise Toru did in class
Frederick Douglass On Women's Rights was one of the few men present at the landmark Women's Rights Convention in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York.
the Freedmen's Bureau established by Congress in 1867 under the First Reconstruction Act; a U.S. government agency tasked with helping ex-slaves exercise new economic, civil, and political rights and freedoms in the post-Civil War United States
Freedom Riders, 1961 Civil rights group that conducted bus tours of the Southern States in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; Leader Jim Farmer and Jim Peckhttps://o.quizlet.com/i/GgjxVtV9uSQALJRoDo1hhw_m.jpg
Freedom Riders, 1961 Civil rights group that conducted bus tours of the Southern States in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; Guides Jim Farmer and Jim Peck
Freedom Summer 1964, when blacks and whites united to challenge segregation and waged a massive campaign to register blacks to vote.https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5087/5279449524_23b965c6f3_m.jpg
Fritz Heider – Equilibrium Theory Two people like (or want) the same thing = most likely like each other OR people who like each other but have no common desires = change their minds so that they both end up liking the same thing

People who initially dislike each other end up finding something in common (e.g. a common enemy)
FTM/F2M Abbreviation for transgender or female-to-male transsexual.
Full Inclusion All children with disabilities receive full tuition in mainstream education classes with their able-bodied peers; All childcare offers take place in regular classes.
Future-orientation the extent to which a culture plans for a future event
Gardner's visual-spatial multiple intelligences
physical kinetics
Musical
interpersonal
intrapersonal
Linguistics
Mathematical logician
collect the necessary information
Gay men are attracted to men. It is colloquially used as a generic term for all LGBTIQ people.
Gender A socially constructed classification system that assigns characteristics of masculinity and femininity to people. Sex characteristics can change over time and differ between cultures. See Gender Identity and Gender Expression for more information on gender.
Gender ambiguity Applies to a person who looks both male and female, in other words, one cannot tell who they are.
Gender Conformity When your gender identity, gender expression, and gender “conform” according to social norms. For more information on gender, see Gender Identity, Gender, and Gender Expression.
Gender Diversity A person who, by nature or by choice, does not conform to societal expectations based on gender norms (e.g., transgender, transsexual, intersex, genderqueer, cross-dressing, etc.).
Gender Dysphoria In the new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published May 22, the now-defunct diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID) is given a new name, gender dysphoria, to reflect a new emphasis.

Both GID and gender dysphoria describe a condition in which someone is very uncomfortable with their biological sex and strongly identifies with and wishes they were the opposite sex. Some of these people can live up to their desired gender and even undergo gender reassignment surgery.
Gender Equality Degree to which a culture minimizes differences in gender expectations of men and women
Gender Expression The way a person expresses their gender identity through clothing, behavior, posture, gestures, language patterns, activities, and more.
Gender Fluid A person whose gender identification and presentation shifts within or outside of gendered societal expectations.
Gender identity A person's intrinsic sense of gender, which may or may not correspond to the gender assigned at birth. Some gender identities are "female", "transmanic" and "agender", but there are many more. Because gender identity is internal, it is not necessarily visible to others. Also, gender identity is often confused with sex, but they are separate concepts; For more information on the difference between the two, see the GenEq Gender/Sex datasheet.
Gender Identity Disorder (GID) -
OUT OF DATE 2013 The medical diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM4) is used to describe an individual suffering from significant gender dysphoria (lack of identification with gender and/or gender assigned at birth) . The DSM5, released in 2013, replaces this diagnosis with “gender dysphoria”.
Mujerista Model gender identity models (see book)
White Male Identity Model (see book)
Gender Identity/Expression Discrimination: Protected by State and Local Laws In addition, 20 states and the District of Columbia have laws prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity/gender expression in the workplace. These states are California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin.
gender neutral
is he around
Rental
Rental
Zorn
Proper gender neutral pronunciation
/zee/
/here/
/here/
/here/
/here/ https://o.quizlet.com/.98e6ewwV1MIh3gtdDBr0g_m.png
Gender Nonconforming A person who does not conform to society's expectations of gender expression based on gender binary, expectations of masculinity and femininity, or how they should identify their gender.
Gender Role How "male" or "female" a person behaves. Societies often have norms about how men and women should behave and expect people to have personality traits and/or behave in a certain way based on their biological sex.
Gender Schema An internal structure that organizes perceptions and controls behavior related to gender. By age 2, children organize their understanding using gender as a general framework.
Gender schema theory claims that cognitive processes are fundamental to learning what gender means in our culture and to learning to exercise our gender competently. An internal mental structure that organizes perceptions and controls behavior related to gender.
Gender Stereotypes: Requiring or expecting a person to behave, behave, or dress in a certain way according to their gender.
Gender variant synonym for "different sex" and "non-conforming sex"; "Diverse gender" and "nonconforming gender" are preferred to "variant gender" because variation implies standard gender normativity
Gender-neutral/inclusive language used to describe relationships ("spouse" and "partner" instead of "husband/boyfriend" and "wife/girlfriend"), spaces (gender-neutral/inclusive bathrooms are appropriate for all genders), pronouns ("they" and " ze” are gender-neutral/inclusive pronouns, among others).
Genderism The belief system that there are only two sexes (male and female) and that gender is inherently tied to the sex assigned at birth. It views cisgender people as superior to transgender people and punishes or marginalizes those who do not conform to societal gender expectations.
genderqueer A person whose gender identity is neither male nor female, is intermediate or between genders, or is a combination of genders. This identity is often related to or in response to the social construction of gender, gender stereotypes, and gender binary distribution. Some genderqueer people identify under the transgender umbrella, while others do not.
General Survey of Cultural Variables Absence of secondary variables (e.g. sexual orientation) and not fully satisfactory for main cultural variables.
General overview of psychosocial interventions for ethnic/racial minorities Miranda et. Al., 2005
-ESTs are effective for minorities, but many methodological issues and Asians and Native Americans are particularly understudied.
-No one compares standard ESTs to culturally appropriate ESTs
-It can be argued that all treatments are culturally appropriate and the clinician is minimally culturally competent

Horrell, 2008: Review of 12 studies; often propose effective CBT for minorities
-Culturally adapted CBT is effective, but effect sizes are no better than non-adapted versions
Generation x 32-47 years old, over 40 million, unhappiest generation, skeptical, inattentive, self-confident, searching for meaning in family, dealing informally with authority, employed
Generation y/Millennials..., born 1977-2000; outnumbered by baby boomers, good with digital
Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act A law that prohibits discrimination against people based on their genetic information, whether in employment or healthcare.
Genetic Handicap Model This model suggests that people of color are handicapped or inferior to whites and have certain undesirable traits due to biological conditions.
George Wallace 1919-1998. Four-time Governor of Alabama. Best known for its stance on segregation and as a symbol of states' rights.
Generalizations A general statement or concept derived by inference from specific cases.
Gerrt Hofstede created this cultural taxonomy:
The approach is based on the assertion that people carry mental programs or mental software with them
Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, male vs. female, long-term orientation vs. short-term
Gestalt therapy: emphasizes the perception of wholeness and wholeness.
-Self-realization - be who you are (don't become)
-antideterministic: people capable of change and taking responsibility through action
-needs to take care of himself and feel emotions (when he's not causing problems)
Gifted and talented students with very high intelligence or unusual gifts and talents in the arts who need a specialized educational program to reach their full potential.
Giving energy by satisfying other people's wants/needs
Glass Ceiling and Glass Ceiling Commission: A perceived barrier that prevents certain groups of people from rising to the highest ranks of corporate leadership.
global power distance Degree to which cultures believe that social and political power should be disproportionately distributed, unequally distributed, and concentrated in a few decision-makers
GLOBE (kluchohn and strodbeck) global leadership and effectiveness of organizational behavior
Good teachers... 1. Good teachers care about whether students are learning. They challenge all students.
2. Good teachers don't stick to a curriculum and move on to a new subject until all students understand the current concept.
3. Good teachers are not tied to books and teaching materials, but connect all learning to "real life".
4. Good teachers encourage students to think and make their own decisions.
5. Good teachers communicate, observe and learn about their students and their cultural background.
grammatical-syntactical equivalence Some languages ​​make grammatical differences, others do not
grandfather clause A clause in registration laws that allows individuals who do not meet the registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors voted before 1867.
Grape workers strike begins, 1965 farm workers strike and consumer boycott (banning grapes in supermarkets). They began to worry about Bour Poison again; Chávez begins 36-day hunger strike; he failed to get them to cooperate; He died in 1993 while on a hunger strike for a day or two.
LEARN IT Collect, review, question, watch, continue, integrate, test
Greensboro sit-ins, the civil rights tactic of the 1960s where blacks sit in separate restaurants until served or cleared. It starts in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the counter of Woolworth's Diner (white diner). Each day they returned with more and more protesters until finally they were answered.
Group Traits That Promote Success Cohesion, caring, trust levels among members, freedom to experiment, commitment to change, group healing factors Yalom (1995)
Group Level Identity Each person is born into a cultural matrix of beliefs, values, rules and social practices.
The Steering Advisory Committee (GAC) is typically tasked with reviewing program data and making recommendations based on its assessments. GACs generally do not evaluate consultants' professional activities, report directly to managers, or publish consulting work in the media.
Hardiman's white racial identity development model 5 stages of development stage of naivety

adoption

persistence

reboot

internalization

**Notes, not notes to Chapter 12
Hate Crime Hate crime laws generally define a hate crime as a crime motivated by a person's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation.
Hazan and Shaver: Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships Our attachment styles formed early in life influence our behavioral patterns later in life (especially with romantic partners).
He followed Lincoln's 10% plan. What did Johnson do in office?
He granted amnesty to all but the most senior Confederates. What did Johnson give up on the 10% plan?
made it easier to mistreat freed slaves What made Andrew Johnson easier?
He firmly believed that states should determine how they treat their own residents and did not want African Americans to be citizens or vote. What did Andrew Johnson believe?
Helms White Racial Identity Development Model 6 State Contact (Forget or Deny)

disintegration (oppression and ambivalence)

Reintegration (selective perception and negative outgroup bias)

Pseudo-Independence (Reality Remodeling and Selective Perception)

Immersion/emergence (hypervigilance and remodeling)

Autonomy (flexibility and complexity)

** Extended notes on Chapter 12
Henri Tajfel - Minimal Group Paradigm Group identification (the combining of desires) is a natural human tendency; It happens even with the most insignificant factors

more important the group = bias within the group
Heritability is a function of the population, not a trait! All individuals have a full spectrum of intelligence.
Heterosexism Assumes that all people are heterosexual, thereby excluding people who do not identify as heterosexual. It is also the belief that heterosexuality is superior to homosexuality and all other sexual orientations.
Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, prejudice, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships.
Straight Privileges Benefits that automatically come from being (or being perceived as) are denied to gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer and all other non-heterosexual sexual orientations.
Heterosexuality Sexual, affective, and/or romantic attraction to a different sex. It's commonly considered "opposite-sex attraction," but since there aren't just two genders (see "intersex" and "transsexual"), that definition is imprecise.
Hidden Curriculum: Unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.
- Outside the formal curriculum
- E.g. dealing with peers, teachers and other adults
- How different races, groups or classes of people should be perceived; or what ideas and behaviors are considered acceptable or unacceptable. Often associated with the dominant group.
High-context messages are overlooked, non-verbal codes, internalized messages, restrained reactions, flexible time, different input/output groups, strong interpersonal bonds, e.g. African American, Latina, Japanese
High-context communication is that which is internalized in the person or anchored in the physical situation.
It relies heavily on the non-verbal and group identification and shared understanding of the communicators.
High context Asian, Latino, AA cultures
High-context cultures emphasize non-verbal communication
High maintenance / high expectations that overwhelm others

Ex: TEAGAN keeps telling her boyfriend what she wants from him and what not to do
Children value Hispanic cultural differences more
high respect for education
Double negative differences in the Spanish language
abused "no"
misplaced adjectives
Historical Trauma 3. The collective emotional and psychological damage, both lifelong and intergenerational, resulting from a catastrophic history of genocide
Historical Debt: The inequalities originally formed around race, gender, and class.
- Education was initially forbidden for Afro-Americans during the time of slavery
- For American Indians, education began with a mission school to convert and use Native American workers to advance the cause of the Church.
- Historical blame was not simply imposed by the ignorant masses, but the nation's top leaders supported the idea that people of color were inferior.
Historical Stereotypes describes the history between blacks and whites.
Historically black colleges (some of which became universities) established after the Civil War for higher education for African Americans.
History of Arab American Education: Cherished Education
- The earliest writings and manuscripts in the world were found in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
- 20th Century - After gaining independence from European powers, Arab countries promoted compulsory primary and secondary education for all children and free public universities
- Immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century.
Holistic or naturalistic approach Human desire to maintain a sense of harmony with the forces of nature when the body is at odds with nature
Holland's career development theory states that when choosing a career, people prefer jobs where they can be close to their peers. They seek environments that allow them to use their skills and abilities and to express their attitudes and values ​​while assuming comfortable roles and problems. Behavior is determined by an interaction between personality and environment. There are six basic types of work environments: realistic, exploratory, artistic, social, business, conventional. People seek environments in which they can use their skills and abilities and express their values ​​and attitudes. For example, research types look for research environments; Artistic types seek artistic environments and so on. People who choose to work in an environment that matches their personality type are more likely to be successful and happy.
Homonegativity encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or toward people who identify or perceive themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.
Homophobia The irrational fear and intolerance of people who are homosexual or of homosexual feelings within themselves. This posits that heterosexuality is superior.
Gay - A homosexual is sexually attracted to people of the same sex.
Homosexuality Sexual, emotional, and/or romantic attraction to the same sex.
Horace Mann's Views on Women's Education (1796-1859) Was a leading Massachusetts legislator and advocate of humanitarian reform who became executive secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and played a leading role in establishing a system of ordinary public schools and normal models for the become a nation
Hostile Work Environment: A hostile work environment is one where unwanted sexual activity takes place, creating a hostile or abusive work environment that affects the victim's ability to perform their job.
How are default values ​​expressed? They are expressed in units of standard deviations from the mean set to 0.
How can ELL children qualify for services? also show difficulties in communicating in their mother tongue
How did Congress react to the Black Codes? 1. Congress refused to admit representatives from the South
2. Congress struck down President Johnson and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866
3. A Joint Reconstruction Committee was set up to study the situation in the South and reported that the Southern States were in a state of civil unrest and therefore had not held valid elections.
4. The Fourteenth Amendment was passed by Congress
5. A Freedmen's Bureau bill passed by Congress giving additional rights to ex-slaves
6. The Reconstruction Bills were passed with the veto of President Johnson "to provide more efficient government for rogue states."
How did the Black Codes deny rights? employment contracts
lurking laws
crimes and penalties
stages
civil rights
Dishes
How do we as counselors practice social justice counselling? 1) assumes a social change perspective that focuses on ending discrimination in our society 2) believes that inequalities also stem from monopolies of power 3) assumes that conflict is inevitable and not necessarily unhealthy; Therefore, social justice counseling includes social and political action.
How does NCLB legislation address the needs of students with disabilities? - Ensuring educational responsibility
- emphasized maximum learning for all children
How did the concept of race acquire social significance? As white families and businesses fled, the tax base eroded, schools and services dwindled.
How long must a counselor keep counseling records with students? There are 3 data classes. Alert logs are categorized as “Class C” data: this type of data must be deleted or destroyed after its usefulness has expired; the rule is a maximum of 5 years.
how to score ELL Children find an unbiased test
How to deal with freed slaves. What was problem 2 for the reconstruction?
How to Develop Cultural Competence Learn about the cultural backgrounds of our clients and their families
Be aware and work to eliminate your own biases and prejudices.
Build on the strengths, values ​​and unique experiences of our customers, their families and their culture.
How to bring the Confederates back into the country. What was problem 1 for the reconstruction?
How to Study Cultural Adaptations of ESTs One idea is simply to include more minority groups in efficacy studies (Chambless et al., 2005)

Another idea is to make adjustments in birth, the therapeutic process, the incorporation of cultural knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (Miranda et al., 2003).

Understanding the culture helps align treatment with the client's goals, just like with any other client.
- for example, the design of self-care as a service to the family for Latina women who put the focus on family over the focus on self
human orientation the extent to which cultures encourage and reward their members for being kind and compassionate to others or for focusing on self-interest and self-gratification
I found... I found that if I want to learn how best to teach children who may be different from me, I need to seek advice from adults (teachers and parents) who come from the same culture as my students are from.
IC (internal control) and ER (external accountability) Believe they are able to shape events in their own lives given the chance, but are realistic about barriers and discrimination.
IC-ER people believe that they are able to shape events in their own lives given the chance.
IC-IR individuals believe that they are masters of their destiny and that their actions affect outcomes.
IDEA's academic institutions are financially responsible only for the tests they request. Parent requests are assessed on a case-by-case basis and funding is usually the responsibility of the parents.
IDEA Federal Law on the Education of Students with Disabilities This law includes a requirement that school counselors participate in the IEP planning process and meetings.
Identification of an individual, not race, based on physical characteristics
Identity Group the collectivities people use to categorize themselves and others.
Ideology 6. Ideas associated with false consciousness. Narrow, artificial and rigid visions that do not take into account that the assumptions are connected to specific classes and cultures.
idiomatic equivalence (idioms) expressions that have the opposite meaning to their usual meaning, e.g. Break your leg, I could have died, eat your heart out.
IL (Inner Place) + IR (Inner Responsibility) are masters of their destiny and their actions affect outcomes.
Illustrators non-verbal behaviors directly connected to the verbal message are used to emphasize, explain or support a word, e.g. huge mountain and move your hands in a semicircle to give a view
Immediate responses focused on the present, time, place, and context of the counseling session. They can be statements or questions, but they must relate to the present moment, not the past or the future.
Invariant Traits: An invariable trait includes skin color, hair texture, or specific facial features, even if not all members of the same race, colour, sex, or nationality share the trait.
Intra-group collectivism Degree to which people express pride, loyalty, and solidarity with their family or a similar group
In ingroup preference, more positive evaluations by members of the same sex become another factor that maintains the separate social worlds of boys and girls.
In Oncale, the _______ _____ gave three examples of how a victim can prove same-sex discrimination: (1) evidence that the molester was motivated by sexual desire, which generally requires "hard evidence" that the molester was homosexual; (2) determine that the harassment demonstrates that "the harasser [was] motivated by general hostility toward the presence of [men] in the workplace"; or (3) discover that the harasser treated men differently in a mixed-use workplace. Supreme Court
In the closet Keep sexual orientation and/or gender or sexual identity secret.
Idle Strategies Actually talking to the other person to gather the necessary information.
Random Word Learning How quickly, easily and well children can discover the meaning of a new, nonsensical or unfamiliar word by discovering it without formal instruction
Inclusiveness is the degree to which the diverse voices of a diverse workforce are respected and heard
Inclusion placement of special education students in general educational institutions
Incongruity (Carl Rogers) states that anxiety, discomfort, or dissatisfaction occurs when our concept of self is inconsistent with our experiences.
Dissonance of conflicting thoughts
Incremental Validity The extent to which a test augments information beyond existing forms of assessment
native indigenous population of a country or region. In the United States, Native Americans, Hawaiians, and Alaskan Natives are the indigenous populations.
indigenous healing

spiritual plane of existence of the universal shamanic tradition in search of a cure

Shamans are known as witches, medicine men, magicians, medicine men or women, sorcerers, and magic men or women.
He is believed to have the power to enter an altered state of consciousness during healing rituals and to travel to other planes of existence.
Outrage (Feeling) Anger aroused by something unfair, unworthy, or petty
ambiguous statements of reported speech, the preferred style of Koreans
Individual level of identity first level of tripartite framework....individual uniqueness, genetically we are all unique and we will all have our own individual and unique encounters and life experiences throughout our lives.
Individual planning is best described as a broad collection of counseling and guidance activities aimed at helping all students develop their own educational plans and career goals.
For which cultural context is individualism important?

For which cultural contexts is collectivism important? 1. white

2. Asian, Native American, Black and Latino/American - collectivism (group/family/community needs are paramount)
Individualism versus collectivism concerns people's relationships with the larger social groups to which they belong.
Individualized Education Program A written program required for all children with disabilities under the Idea includes details of current student achievement, yearly goals, short-term goals, required special education services, relevant dates, participation in mainstream education, and assessment procedures that parents must attend in the development of the iep and sign the doc
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Public Act 101-476, which put the individual first and disability second, forever changing the way people with disabilities are referred to in literature.
Information level of human interaction Information exchange through the direct meaning of actually spoken words
Early phase of group description Orientation and exploration: Group members present themselves as socially acceptable, characterized by fear/uncertainty, determining if the group is a safe place
attachment insecure anxious ambivalent/anxious resistant Baby is very emotionally unstable and demands too much attention (steals energy); The caregiver responds primarily to negative behaviors and conflicting responses
insecure attachment anxious avoidant infant does not respond/evades (even to caregivers); indifferent OR overly controlling caring
Institutional collectivism represents the extent to which cultures support, value, and distribute rewards based on group rather than individual interests.
Institutional oppression The disposition of a society that has been used to discriminate against one group over another through the use of language, media literacy, religion, economics, etc.
Institutional racism a set of accepted policies, priorities, and normative standards designed to violently subjugate, oppress, and enslave individuals and groups in society at large by sanctioning unequal goals, unequal status, and unequal access to goods and services .
the teaching of instrumental styles is goal-oriented and based on explicit verbal meanings
(bicultural) integration that retains the original culture and adds forms of the dominant culture
Contexts of Interaction The scenarios or situations within the social episodes occur
Interaction scenes consisting of recurring and repetitive themes that people talk about in social conversations
The interactive style group leader uses experiential learning
Intercultural Competence...the ability to communicate appropriately, effectively and ethically with people of different backgrounds.
Inner conflict model fear = differentiation result

My desires versus what is, is happening or could happen

Take control to grant desires Or let go of my desires and accept whatever happens
Internal consistency (reliability coefficients) is important for simultaneous measurements
Internal locus of control refers to people's belief that reinforcers depend on their own actions and that they can shape their own destiny. Euro-American way.
The internal/external place of responsibility dimension measures the degree of responsibility or blame attributed to the individual or the system.
internalized oppression felt oppression due to the dominant discourses of society
Internalized Oppression The process by which an oppressed person believes, accepts, or lives false stereotypes and misinformation about their group.
Internalized racism..., the acceptance of the negative messages of overt and covert racism, superiority and inferiority, and white privilege itself; You start believing stereotypes about your race/ You start feeling inferior
Interpersonal and group unit thinking "we" instead of "you versus me"

doing things that suit our desires = both feel energized (shared energy)

Taking or receiving energy from others
Patterns of interpersonal behavior Patterns of interpersonal behavior
oral process of interpretation in which one code is passed to another
Interpretations generated within the consultant to be new to the client
Interracial/Interethnic Prejudice Racial/ethnic groups experience mistrust, envy, and misunderstanding among one another, and people of color continue to hold beliefs and attitudes toward whites that are very negative, angry, and suspicious.
Interracial/Interethnic Conflicts Each ethnic/racial group has different values, beliefs and behaviors unique to their culture that may conflict with other groups.
Interracial/Interethnic Discrimination Differing values ​​and beliefs between ethnic/racial groups have led to intragroup discrimination.
Questions/criticism that makes others seem incapable of being critical

Ex: Even though she knows her sister failed the biology test, KELSEY keeps asking her sister, "And how did you do on the biology test?"
Reliability between scores (reliability coefficients) is crucial when there may be some variability between different scores
Intersectionality..., challenges notions that race, class, gender, and sexuality should be studied separately and separately.
Intersectionality An intersection of issues in your life.
(racial gender etc.)
Intersex Intersex is a group of disorders that characterize congenital anomalies of the reproductive and sexual systems. That is, intersex people are born with "sex chromosomes," external genitalia, or internal reproductive systems that are not considered "standard" for either males or females. The existence of intersex shows that there are not just two genders and that our way of thinking about sex (trying to force everyone to fit into the male or female box) is socially constructed.
Intersex people who possess the biological characteristics of both sexes
Intervention for ELL children Ser in English and mother tongue
Include a purpose to improve vocabulary
Treatment of a real communication disorder.
Question the client, caregiver, or teachers about the client's communication skills.
Interviews with bilingual and multicultural clients Development of all spoken languages
Interview bilingual and multicultural customers. Identify problem areas in all spoken languages
Interview bilingual and multicultural customers
Interview with bilingual and multicultural clients Languages ​​spoken at home
Interviews with bilingual and multicultural customers Language proficiency assessments
Interval Measuring Scale Has all the features of the ordinal scale with one additional feature: the distances between points on the scale are equal
For example, the gap between 80 and 90 is equal to the gap between 90 and 100 on a depression score or aptitude test; Temperature; There aren't really many interval scales
Intimidation/anger that makes others afraid of themselves by intimidating and/or expressing anger

Example: DAVID has a habit of losing his temper when others don't do what he wants.
Interpreting involves... 1. Giving clients new and easier ways to understand their experiences.
2. Base the interpretation on the counselor's perception of the client's experience
Introjection 15. Defense mechanism in which one swallows or internalizes the values ​​of a dominant person or group to avoid abuse
invisible traits..., socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, spirituality, etc.
invisible minority A group whose minority status is not always immediately apparent, such as B. Some people with disabilities and LGBTIQ people. This lack of visibility can make it difficult to organize for rights.
Invisible veils representing the values ​​and beliefs or worldviews of people operating outside the plane of conscious awareness.
Islamophobia is prejudice, hatred, or fear of Muslims or ethnic groups considered Muslim.
Issues of Counseling Ambiguity: 1. Unstructured and ambiguous aspects of the therapy situation can make people of color uncomfortable.
2. Culturally diverse clients may be unfamiliar with the therapy and may find it unfamiliar.
3. Therefore, anxiety and confusion can be the result of an unstructured counseling environment.
communication standards
1. The counselor believes that the primary responsibility or conversation starters in the session is the client's communication with the counselor. The client has the primary responsibility for starting the conversation, while the counselor plays a less active role.
2. This may be different for different plant groups.
Problems of the individual counseling approach In many non-Western cultures, identity is not seen separately from group orientation (collectivism).
Counselors who fail to recognize the importance of defining this distinction between individualism and collectivism create difficulties in therapy.
The problems with the advice of scientific empiricism in the West are notoriously very linear, analytical and verbal in their attempt to imitate science. then your objective, rational and linear thinking as neutral, rational and logical

This does not appeal to all multicultural customers and diverts focus from the individual.
Problems with self-disclosure in therapy In other cultures, self-disclosure takes time and only occurs after you have known the other person for many years.

Many non-Western people feel that they may embarrass family by disclosing personal information.
Problems with the time dimension in counseling: The language of the time in counseling can collide with the understanding of time by a minority.
For many Hispanics, time can be determined by events rather than the clock.
Problems with the Verbal Therapy “Conversation” Many other cultures may not bother verbalizing values ​​the way Americans do. As with Chinese, don't speak unless spoken to. If you don't know, the counselor may think you're unintelligent.

emotional expressiveness - as Latin American and Asian cultural will states that maturity and wisdom are associated with the ability to control emotions and feelings. So Americans might think they are being oppressed.

The therapist who appreciates verbal, emotional, and behavioral excess may be unaware that he is transmitting his own cultural values. This is just the consultant who did not understand the cultural background and upbringing of many Asian American customers.
It A pronoun used to refer to a thing; the use of "it" as a pronoun for a person is extremely offensive in its complete dehumanization of the subject; For appropriate gender-neutral pronouns, see the gender-neutral pronoun usage chart at the bottom of this page.
There is no point in training culturally competent people if … the organizations employing them are monocultural and prohibit the use of culturally competent knowledge and skills.
He forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. What did the 13th amendment do?
Questions in italics • Do we have a positive connection to the culture our African American youth are bringing to school?
• Are we making sure our students know that people like them, both past and present, have produced and are producing phenomenal intellectual achievements?
• Are we making connections between the lives of young people and the content we are trying to convey? Do they feel welcome in the school environment or do they feel they need to change in order to be accepted?
Jackie Robinson The first African American player in Major League Baseball. His actions helped create other opportunities for African Americans. In 1947 he broke the color barrier.
James Meredith was a civil rights activist who instigated a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who didn't want Meredith to enroll in college. The result was coercive government action (Kennedy) showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
James Meredith American civil rights activist whose college record sparked riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi. https://o.quizlet.com/URWIxewcIvQBVbT0s5tDZw_m.jpg
Jargon Group of words or terms shared by people with a common profession or background
Jim Crow Laws, legal restrictions preventing black people from sharing public places with white people
Jim Crow Laws Southern laws enforcing segregation of blacks and whites (grandfather clause, poll tax, literacy tests, separate but equal, etc.) https://o.quizlet.com/i/HJA399xTQOU2qoucos5I7g_m.jpg
Jim Crow Laws Southern laws enforcing segregation of blacks and whites (grandfather clause, poll tax, literacy tests, separate but equal, etc.)
John Berry: Ethnic Identity Model focuses on how people belonging to ethnic minorities fit into society as members of minority groups.
John Collier (1884-1968), a social reformer who championed Native Americans. Commissioner of the Office of Indian Affairs for President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1945.
John F. Kennedy Assassinated, November 22, 1963 In Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was shot dead in a motorcade by Lee Harvey Oswald. Many people questioned this fact, believing that Oswald was not acting alone or that it was a government cover-up.
John Gray Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus, which has sold more than seven million copies and is the best-selling hardcover nonfiction book of all time according to a 1997 report by publisher HarperCollins. The book became a "popular paradigm" for relationship issues based on different gender trends, spawning infomercials, audio and videotapes, weekend seminars, themed vacations, a one-man Broadway show, comedy television, and a film deal with Século 20 F out.
John Holland's Theory of Personality Typology: Six Personality Types (RIASEC) Realistic, Curious, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional. Also known as Self-Directed Search (SDS), My Vocational Situation and Vocational Preferences Inventory.
Commonly used judgment heuristics for quick decision rules
Karen Horney- Parental indifference as a fundamental evil creates feelings of fear and insecurity (and sometimes even hostility) that can become the cause of long-term emotional instability.
Kinesics refers to body movements.
Facial expressions, posture, movement characteristics, gestures, eye contact
kinetic study of body movements or body language
Kohlberg Amoral Stage -- 0-7 - Personal needs must be met.
Preconventional Phase - 7-10 - Learn rules to avoid trouble.
Conventional Phase - - From the age of 10 people have to go where morality means to follow norms and values.
In the post-conventional phase, people begin to think about the abstract of what is right and what is wrong.
Most do not reach this stage.
The university seems to encourage this phase.
Employment contracts required a legal document for black "servants" who agreed to work for white "masters".
The working and employment conditions were fully documented and signed by a judge. This included strict codes of conduct and the required permission before a former slave was allowed off the premises.
Labor force All persons aged 16 and over who work or are looking for work
Discrimination in the labor market the assessment of personal characteristics of applicants and workers in the labor market that are not related to productivity
The leader of the laissez-faire style group is another member
Lambda The Gay Activists Alliance originally chose lambda, the Greek letter "L", as their symbol in 1970. The organizers chose the letter "L" to mean liberation. The word became a way of expressing the concept of "gay man and lesbian" in a minimum of syllables and was adopted by organizations such as the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the National Defense Education Act provided funding for training school counselors.
Lateral Oppression 13. When people within an oppressed group self-harass, attention is diverted from the more radical and crippling oppression of the dominant groups.
Development models of Latin American / Hispanic identity (Ruiz) 1st causal stage

2. Kognitive Phase

3. Consequence level

4. Processing phase

5. Successful solution step

**Details in the notes
Latinos and CBT A total of three studies found it to be effective for depression

It also reduces panic symptoms.

Another well-designed outcome study is needed to consider that CBT is well established in the treatment of Latinos.
Latinos and the early study of CBT for depression Comas-Diaz 1981

CBT and group behavioral therapy were effective in Puerto Rican mothers compared to no treatment

Effect sizes similar to white
Laws made by individual states to prevent slaves from obtaining citizenship, which differ from state to state. What are black codes?
Least Restrictive Environment The educational environment closest to a regular school or general education setting in which to educate a child with a disability, for many children this may mean a general education classroom, others may require a less inclusive environment to accommodate your better meet needs
Lesbian A woman who is attracted to a woman.
Letting go allows us to unresistingly accept what has happened, what has happened, or what has happened, and to resolve our inner conflict.
Letting go of desires - Maturity social, moral and emotional development in life = Overcoming our insecurities by letting go of desires

Development = more we see things as "we" instead of "me vs you" or "us vs them"

deeper unity we feel with a variety of people
Lev Vygotsky theory of social development. 1) social learning assumes development, 2) higher skill learning among other things, more informed, 3) zone of proximal development: the distance between a learner's ability to be too capable as an adult
LGBTIQ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Questions
Preparation of the Cycle of Liberation (awakening education to introspection),
arrive,
build community,
growing together
create change,
approval
lilly ledbetter fair pay act of 2009 A law that creates a rolling deadline for filing wage discrimination claims and expands the plaintiff's field beyond the discriminated worker
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009: In response to a 2007 Supreme Court decision, Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009. The decision in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc., 6 thought Lilly Ledbetter's situation was difficult. During her nineteen-year tenure at the Goodyear tire plant in Gadsden, Alabama, Lilly Ledbetter consistently received lower grades on her annual performance and pay reviews and low pay increases compared to her male colleagues.
Lincoln died and he was vice president, so he became president. How did Andrew Johnson become President?
Speakers of the listener's responsible language need only indirectly state what they are discussing and what they want the listener to know by the end of the conversation, as used in Japan
Literacy test A test that people can take to show they can read and write before registering to vote.
Little Rock "9" 1st group of black students were allowed to attend an all-white school because President Eisenhower used the military to defeat Brown v. Education Council. https://o.quizlet.com/i/9giZqfsjkmGScjiR_TTMQA_m. jpeg
Control location:
Internal control
External Control Internal Control: refers to people's belief that reinforcers depend on their own actions and that they can shape their own destiny.
External Control: Refers to people's belief that reinforcing events occur independently of their actions and that their future is more likely to be determined by chance and luck.
Place of Responsibility (internal and external) The degree of responsibility or blame attributed to the individual or the system. Self-blame vs. system failure
long-term versus short-term time orientation, how cultures deal with the concept of time
low-context emphasis on explicit verbal message
in an open context, explicit messages, verbalized details, clearly visible reactions, flexible entry/exit groups, specific times, e.g. Caucasian, German, Swedish, English
Low context Americans Americans, British, Australians, Germans, Canadians
Low context communication puts more trust in the verbal part of the message
It has been associated with being more opportunistic and individual, with an emphasis on rules of law and procedure.
The US is an LC culture, while minority groups in the US and also in China emphasize HC propositions.
Low-Income Minority Women and Recent Outcomes Study for Depression Rewicki et al., 2005: ADM and CBT Outperform Community Referral for Low-Income Minority Women
-Better interventions but more expensive than usual care

Miranda et al., 2006: Maintained superiority at 12 months
sit-in-cafeteria protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who sat in "whites-only" cafeterias and refused to leave until served; In 1960, more than 50,000 took part in protests across the South. Its success led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. https://o.quizlet.com/i/ie4GmwhL811TrR6AAm5rag_m.jpg
magical-religious or personalistic approach Health and illness are closely related to supernatural powers, mystical powers
Maki and Kitano's Asian American identity model is similar to Berry's
Malcolm X 1952; changed his name to X to denote the loss of his African heritage; When he converted to the Nation of Islam while in prison in the 1950s, he became the most dynamic speaker and recruiter of black Muslims who advocated separation, not integration. He changed his mind but was assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam in 1965. https://o.quizlet.com/Vit0fwBsYOfW1oSm4gjLAQ_m.jpg
Malcolm X 1952; changed his name to X to denote the loss of his African heritage; converted to the Nation of Islam while in prison in the 1950s and became the most dynamic street speaker and recruiter of black Muslims; Her faith was the basis for much of the Black Power movement, which built on separatist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality.
Assassination of Malcolm X, 1965 Rejecting integration and non-violence, Malcolm breaks with Elijah Muhammad's black Muslims and is later assassinated by them, declaring that blacks must use "any means necessary".
Management system agreements, advisory board, data usage, action plans, time usage, calendar
the management system is when (schedule and action plan) why (use data) and with what authority (management contract and advisory board)
Many minorities make 3 assumptions based on years of personal experience. All white people in this society are racists.
Most white people find the concept unsettling and go to great lengths to deny that they are racist or biased (often without realizing it).
Nonverbal behaviors more accurately reflect what a white person is thinking or feeling than what they say.
Many state and federal laws prohibit discrimination based on _____ by a job applicant or employee. Some of the most prominent of these laws include Title VII, the 1963 EPA, Executive Order 11246, and the federal constitution. sex
Selma to Montgomery March, 1965 A triple attempt to protest voting rights left many peaceful protesters injured and killed. Directed by M.L.K.
March on Washington, August 1963: 200,000 demonstrators gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to honor Dr. King to speak and celebrate Kennedy's support of the civil rights movement. (Pressing the federal government to pass civil rights legislation) https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4087/5059023660_99ccbf6c76_m.jpg
March on Washington, August 1963: 200,000 demonstrators gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to honor Dr. King to speak and celebrate Kennedy's support of the civil rights movement. (Pressing the federal government to pass civil rights legislation)
Margaret Mahler - Interactional Synchrony caregivers must interact with the baby carefully and lovingly; Caregiver/child feels a deep sense of unity with one another
Marginal phenomena that we identify neither with the majority culture nor with our own minority subculture
Marginality Loss of traditional culture but no acceptance of dominant culture
Marginalized Excluded, ignored or relegated to the fringes of a group/society/community.
Excluded groups Unequal opportunity groups can be avoided and relegated to the background; The needs of these people are not considered as important as those of other groups.
Outcast refers to a person's inability to form dual ethnic identification due to bicultural associations.
Marilynn Brewer - Optimal Discrimination Theory We all tend to identify with certain groups, but we also need to feel that our groups are unique and different from others.

wants to be like some people (coincidence of desires), but also feels different from others

feeling energized by connecting with members of one's own group OR receiving energy from members of the external group
Martin Luther King 1929-1968. Key leader of the American civil rights movement. A nonviolent leader, he became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination. He led the Montgomery bus boycott, helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led the 1963 march on Washington, where he delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech. https://o.quizlet.com/LbuKph5Q8Rc5UCoKp8mkbw_m.jpg
The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 led many to believe that the era of nonviolence was over.

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American cleric, activist, and prominent leader of the African-American civil rights movement and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, who became known for his promotion of civil rights through civil disobedience. He was murdered on Thursday, April 4, 1968, at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, at the age of 39. King was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. m. that night. James Earl Ray, a fugitive from Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested in London at Heathrow Airport on June 8, 1968, extradited to the United States and charged with the crime. On March 10, 1969, Ray pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in Tennessee State Penitentiary. Ray later made many attempts to retract his guilty plea and stand trial before a jury, but were unsuccessful. He died in prison on April 23, 1998 at the age of 70.
Mary Ainsworth (attachment theory) The way a caregiver interacts with a child affects the child's emotional development.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), an 18th-century British feminist who championed political and civil rights and women's equality and wrote that marriage was an ingenious means of enslaving women; Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Lowest poverty rate in Maryland
gender expectations of masculinity over femininity and the extent to which people prefer achievement and assertiveness to nurturing and social support
Material possessions such as symbols of power, works of art, and jewelry.

*This suggests that no matter where we come from, we all share a common history
Crucible A place where a variety of races, cultures, or individuals come together.
Mentoring programs often include tutoring and recreational activities provided by adults in the community.
Myth of meritocracy government or power held by people chosen for their ability
Merriam Report "The Indian Management Problem"; a report that raised awareness of social and educational problems in tribal areas in the 1920s
Meta-analysis of culturally appropriate treatments Griner and Smith, 2006

d = 0.45 in 76 studies

Interventions targeted at one group were four times more effective than interventions targeted at multiple groups

Interventions in the mother tongue were twice as effective as interventions in English
Metaculture caused by basic biological limitations
Rating procedures, rating scales, behavioral observations, formal published inventories, sociograms, test batteries
Michael Kimmel has written books about male masculinity
Microaggressions “Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace everyday verbal, behavioral, or environmental slurs, intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slurs against people of color.
Microaggression 18. Short everyday exchanges sending derogatory messages to black people, women and gay men.
Microaggression Brief, frequent, everyday verbal or behavioral humiliation, whether intentional or unintentional, that conveys hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slurs and slurs that may have harmful or uncomfortable psychological effects on the target individual or group.
Micro-attack Type of flagrant, verbal, non-verbal, micro-aggression or environmental attack designed to convey biased and discriminatory feelings.
Micro-insult A type of micro-aggression that is unintentional behavior or verbal comments that convey rudeness, insensitivity, or disparage the race, gender, or identity of a person with a sexual orientation.
Micro-invalidation Type of micro-aggression, which are verbal comments or behaviors that unintentionally and usually outside of the person's awareness exclude, deny, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target audience.
Middle class (class) small business owners, government jobs, teachers
Intellectual disability carries a label for individuals with limited intellectual or cognitive abilities, often affecting their academic performance and socialization. People with mild intellectual disabilities have the highest ability of people with intellectual disabilities and can usually master some basic academic skills
Mills v Board of Education Court directed the school district to provide public education to all children with disabilities
Procedural safeguards include:
right of appeal
Right to access files
written notification of all procedural steps
Minority clients tend to end therapy at a rate of ___ after how much contact with therapist? 50% with only 1 contact
Embezzlement 5. Adoption by another cultural group of specific elements of one culture that have vastly different meanings or lack the intricacies of their original cultural context
Intermarriage between people of different races
Mississippi's highest poverty rate
Highest poverty rate for seniors in Mississippi
Mississippi Plan system of codes and laws introduced by the state of Mississippi to deprive African Americans of their civil and political rights after Reconstruction; the ultimate basis for Jim Crow legislation throughout the South until the 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown V. Board of Education
Mississippi Summer Project, 1964 An American campaign launched in June 1964 to try to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which until then had largely excluded black voters.
Abusive questions include: 1. Engaging the customer in a question and answer session (too many questions)
2. Why do you ask (defend yourself)
3. Closed questions (very short)
4. Strategic questions (tell the customer what to do with it)
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King launched a city bus boycott. After 11 months, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public transport is illegal. https://farm1.staticflickr.com/35/88695404_155412e428_m.jpg
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King launched a city bus boycott. After 11 months, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public transport was illegal.
Moral guilt: discrepancy between what we think is right and what we actually do
- What people owe one another by giving or not giving honor to another when honor is due
- We seem to recognize the moral debt we owe to individuals like Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, but often we fail to recognize that this moral debt is owed to whole groups of people.
Morphemes Meaning units of language
Most black codes were based on the law of vagrancy; They had to prove they had a job, and that job was recognized by white people
Most people will ONLY openly discriminate against themselves under 3 conditions 1) if a certain degree of anonymity can be guaranteed
2) in the presence of others who share or tolerate their biased beliefs and actions
3) when they lose control of their feelings and actions
Mouth showing tongue/spitting = contempt/rejection

Bare teeth/pull down corners of mouth = sign of threat/contempt

Licking lips = sign of appetite, social or otherwise
move freely in the country What did abolition mean for former slaves?
Muller-Lyer illusion (cultural differences) Lines of exactly the same length, the line on the left appears longer than the line on the right due to the different angles of the short lines exiting at the ends.

Our cultural experiences influence how much we experience this illusion.
(1) Cultures that have many types of right-angle woodpecker roosts experience this illusion much more than cultures without right-angle woodpecker roosts

Culture affects our values, traditions and behaviors, but culture also affects something as fundamental as our visual perception!
Multicultural counseling is simply counseling patients, but with respect to their cultural beliefs and the impact this can have on their care."
Multicultural counseling and therapy a facilitating role and process that uses modalities and sets goals consistent with clients' life experiences and cultural values; Recognizes individual, group, and universal dimensions and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
Curriculum for Multicultural Education - Cultural Diversity and Public Education
- "Although teachers often create classroom environments that are open to these differences, there can still be some unease."
- "Foreign-born Arab-American students may have difficulty adapting to the US public school system because they were raised in a society with different values."
- Some Arab-American parents are uncomfortable with the lax disciplinary system in American public schools.
Multicultural Psychology the study of understanding the human condition through examining the similarities/differences between people of different cultures and learning to live peacefully with one another.
Multiculturalism A society in which people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, ages, geographic areas, and other variables come together to create a composite mosaic of individuals that form a rich whole.
Multiculturalism a term that describes the coexistence of many cultures in one place.
Multiculturalism deals with real-world human experiences, and so understanding your emotional responses is just as important on the path to cultural literacy.
Multiculturalism includes… gender, sexual orientation, disability, SES and other marginalized groups
Multi-Ethnic Curriculum A degree program that reflects accurate and positive information about the history, experiences, contributions, and perspectives of the ethnic groups that make up the US population.
multiple intelligences A theory of intelligence that separates it into specific "modes" rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability.
Essential Reading 4 Characteristics • They are intellectually stimulating for both students and teachers
• Serve as a roadmap and enable learning
• Challenging students cognitively
• Help students apply literacy skills and strategies independently
Meritocracy myth holds that race or gender plays no role in success in life
NAACP organization that has fought for civil rights for African Americans, primarily through court cases (behind Brown v. Board of Education)https://o.quizlet.com/i/pyme4Bf0FK4edgEVZQrKRQ_m.jpg
NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; an advocacy group founded in 1910 to fight for the legal, civil, and political rights of African Americans
Nation of Islam A group of militant black Americans who profess the Islamic faith and advocate black American independence. https://o.quizlet.com/68m9JU-y9AdRIlklyD4bTA_m.jpg
Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) A black racist group founded in 1930 by Elijah Muhammad who believed that Allah would create a united black nation against the white man. This group believed that there was no point in working with white people and that it was important to empower black people and make them financially independent, while at the same time highlighting the importance of minimizing interactions with white people and engaging with them believing black nationalism.
The National Defense and Interstate Highway Act (1956), at its passage the largest public works act in United States history, authorized $25 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway, a major contributor to the burgeoning auto culture of the 1950s .
National Urban League sought to improve employment and housing opportunities for African Americans, particularly those moving to northern cities.https://o.quizlet.com/nIFJhM7jQQkZJ8U3FIUoKQ_m.jpg
Nationalism National identity based on a common language, culture, and loyalty and devotion to a nation
Politics of nativism favoring assimilated ethnic groups over newer immigrants
Naturalization The process by which an immigrant acquires the rights of a natural citizen.
The negative paradigm includes human choices and actions.
Negative transference can be interpreted as therapeutic resistance
Neglect/involved parenting consistently neglects important needs/desires of the child; the child receives little care/attention; end up feeling abandoned/unworthy of love/respect

Children steal energy or stop communicating altogether/become evasive
Neocolonialism 17. A critique that focuses on contemporary issues related to race, class, gender, nationalism and ethnicity.
Lowest child poverty rate in New Hampshire
Nirvana is samsara, present existence is enlightenment itself; You don't have to do anything to get there

we don't have to be different than we are

just be"
Nominal measuring scale The simplest form. There is no connection between the categories that could lead to the ranking
Researchers assign a number to different categories for analysis.
E.g. gender, teaching method, school
Non-English Speaking Latinos in Therapy Ethnic match leads to better perception of therapy, lower dropout rates, and better outcomes

Having an interpreter is better than trying to communicate in English
Unhelpful Counselor Responses… Distracting or distracting from students' experiences by remaining superficial and limiting or discouraging exploration, understanding, and feelings about their experiences.
i.e. "he really didn't mean it like that" to downplay the customer's feelings
North German people of Northern Europe, white, tall, with a long head, light skin and hair, and blue eyes.
Standardization that enables all people with disabilities or other impairments to live standards and conditions of daily life that are as close as possible to, or even equal to, normal circumstances and ways of life in society
Novelty-Predictability Dialectics People's desire for change and stability in their interpersonal relationships
NOW National Organization for Women, 1966, Betty Friedan, first President, wanted the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce its statutory mandate to end sex discrimination
Agora Family Resource Education Trust
The multiplication is for the whites.
stunning shock; refuse to accept the experience; numb us to our loss
Observe the customer in multiple contexts with multiple speakers
Ocean analogy: Giving energy by pushing others up or allowing others to push us down
Ocean analogy: receiving energy from others that takes us up
Ocean analogy: taking energy by depressing others
Benefits Protection for Older Workers Act of 1990, a federal law prohibiting age discrimination in relation to employee benefits
Benefits Protection for Older Workers Act of 1990... a federal law prohibiting age discrimination in relation to employee benefits
One of the main obstacles to effective understanding in communication is the common assumption that ... different cultural groups operate from identical language and communication conventions.
Overcoming by making the other person feel inadequate by claiming that we are better than the other person

Example: HAMID brags to Diego that his father's truck has twice as much horsepower as Diego's father's truck
open group v. Closed group The open group allows new members to join during the group lifetime, the closed group does not.
Openness-closeness dialecticians want to share or withhold personal information
Oppression is defined as … an excessive and systematic exercise of power against an unidentified group of people, such as people with disabilities, where the laws, attitudes and treatment (including representation) of that group reinforce that discriminatory situation.
Optimists think through their inner conflicts in such a way that they feel their desire wins over what has happened, is happening, or could happen.

Ex: Instead of wishing they were thinner, they think, "I'm glad I'm in good health."
Ordinal Measurement Scale The data is ordered/ranked in some way, but there is no equal spacing between the ranks. Indicates the relative position between subjects/variables
E.g. ranking of the results of subjects in a depression inventory or a biology test; race results
Organizational culture…, shared social knowledge within an organization about the rules, norms and values ​​that shape the attitudes and behaviors of its employees
Overall therapy for African Americans equal or worse than for whites

Small literature largely without control groups.
Paiget's Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor - (0-2) Absence of representational thinking
2. Preoperative Thinking - (2-6/7) Thinking tends to be slow but not logical
3. Concrete Operational Thinking - (7-10/11) Decentralized, can think of more than 1 thought at a time, logical relationships
4. Formal operational thinking - (age 12) Logical thinking extends to "formal" or abstract material
Paradigm shift in evaluations since the 1990s towards more process-dependent measures; dynamic evaluation
Paralanguage: other language signals that people use to communicate
Ex. Voice intensity, pauses, silences, hesitations, speaking rate
Parallel forms (reliability coefficients) reduction for practical effects and for predictions
Paranorm means that a minority's suspicion and distrust of white society is normal behavior.
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania All children ages 6 to 21 must receive a free public education
Children with intellectual disabilities should be educated in programs more similar to their peers without disabilities.
Activity rate is the proportion of people aged 16 and over who are working or looking for work divided by the population aged 16 and over.
Passive aggression does things primarily to elicit an emotional response from another person.

Example: TARYN always leaves the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink because she knows it bothers her roommate.
passive strategies silent and covert observation of a person to know how they behave
Peggy McIntosh didn't make a fortune to rely on every day,
but what I must remain in oblivion,
like an invisible weightless backpack
of special supplies, maps, passports, code books, visas, clothing, tools and blank cheques
Perceived Ethnolinguistic Vitality Individuals Subjective perceptions of community status, demographics, and institutional support, high scores mean members are less likely to assimilate
Perceived expertise is typically a function of: Reputation
specialized training exam
Behavioral evidence of competency/competence
Trustworthiness: Includes factors such as sincerity, directness, honesty, and perceived lack of motivation for personal gain.
Necessary qualities for effective multicultural counseling - 1. Openness, 2. Sincerity, 3. Confidentiality, 4. Authenticity
Percentile rank represents the percentage of test-takers who scored lower than that person. Therefore, a score in the 83rd percentile means that 83 percent of the test-takers do worse than the student who received that score.
Achievement Orientation Degree to which a culture encourages and rewards people for their achievements
Performance-Reward Discrimination The awarding of different amounts of rewards (e.g., salary increases) to members of different groups with similar performance ratings. Example: underestimating the work of minorities in rewarding situations.
Performative Argues that humans create identities, including gender, through performance or expression.
The permissive/forgiving parental caregiver suppresses their own wants/needs and allows the child to do as they please; Accepts what the child is doing but gives little guidance (gives energy but doesn't take much away)

Children feel alienated/have poor communication skills; stealing energy to avoid alienation; can fall out of communication, become elusive
Person-centered theory (Carl Rogers) Focuses on the uniqueness of the individual. Customer-oriented term used to emphasize the inherent goodness of human beings. Seek congruences between the ideal self and the real self. The alleged mental disorders are the result of overtaxing and critical parents. If you lacked acceptance and love when you were young, you want/expect that later in life.
Person Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers
- Customers will grow given the right conditions (emphasis on good/positive)
-People are essentially good
- from birth every human being is conscious, introspective and moving towards self-realization
- The important thing is the person's perception of reality, not an event itself
- Humans need positive consideration: love, affection, caring, respect and acceptance
-
Fear of self-actualization caused by insecurities is a great motivator for achievement; it allows us to earn the respect of others; enables us to assume positions of power in society
personal style that puts people first
Personality tests often show that blacks are ______.
That's because... suspicious, suspicious and paranoid.

Persistent victims of discrimination and oppression in a culture plagued by racism, minority groups have good reason to be suspicious and suspicious of white society.
Pessimism compares what has happened, is, or could happen to something better they want

Example: "I wish I had more money"
Phonology rules tell the speaker what sounds to use and how to use them.
physical code system relatively unchanging aspects of the body, e.g. weight, body shape, facial features, skin color, eye color, hair,
Greeting form of physical contact and gesture of intimacy in all cultures.

Closer the relationship = more contact
keep calm, cover up feelings so as not to offend white people
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court case upholding a Louisiana racial segregation statute based on the theory that the equality clause would not be violated so long as housing between racially segregated facilities was equal. The court's decision effectively established the constitutionality of racial segregation and the notion of "separate but equal."
Voting Tax - Fee people had to pay to vote
- a way the Southerners got around the 15th Amendment
Positive Organizational Outcomes Diversity + Inclusion, an area of ​​OB research that looks at how organizations build human strength, foster vitality and resilience, and unleash potential.
Positive Arousal/Negative Anxiety: What has happened, is happening, or could happen is overcoming desires

Excitement: conquering desires about what has happened, is, or could happen
He posited that jobs can fill children's unmet needs. Ana Roe
Potential risks of making judgments about a client over others, 1) the client will have less confidence in the advisor and may be less open and honest with the advisor in the future, 2) falsely present themselves to the advisor to try to outwit the advisor to influence judgement, 3) limit the counselor's ability to be empathetic
Increases the extent to which you control people
Power distance concerns that cultures have regarding human inequality
Powerless expectation that a person's behavior cannot determine the outcome or reinforcement sought.
pragmatic effect of language on human perception and behavior
Pre-therapy Orientation for Minority Ethnicities For more than 20 years, studies have shown that these programs improved attitudes towards therapy and therapists, but their effect on outcome is unclear.
Predictive validity by correlating test scores with scores on a criterion at a later time, proficiency test
Latinos' preferred style of therapy Directive therapy is better than non-directive therapy
Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978 A law prohibiting discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions.
Description of the step prior to group formation Formation of a group - preparation of the proposal, recruitment of members, screening and selection and orientation
Prejudice... A negative attitude toward an entire group of people, often from an ethnic or racial minority.
damage an individual's *internal* perspective,
arbitrary attributes or beliefs
and unfair bias towards or against any person/group,
based on little or no experience
& designed across the group
Bias An unfair feeling or dislike towards a person or group because of their race, gender, religion, or sexual preference.
Prejudice Judgment or preconceived notion, often based on a lack of information.
Prejudice A preconceived notion not based on reason or actual experience.
The priming depression occurs later in the stage; Depression focuses on the fact that we will no longer be with our loved ones
Prescriptive stereotypes..., stereotypes about how women and men should be
Presentation style The way the idea is presented convinces people
President Dwight D. Eisenhower's farewell address (1961) warned of a "military-industrial complex"
Prestige and respect that the rest of society gives you
Main jobs in the general labor market that offer opportunities for advancement and include lucrative retirement plans, health care and vacation pay.
The primary value of needs analysis is to provide the counselor with an evidence base for setting goals and objectives.
Measurement Principles...
Principles of Multiculturalism Being aware that people differ between and within cultures

Be aware of your own biases and limitations.

Work with the customer on informed consent

Be aware of the typical variables that cultures differ on, particularly language and presentation disorders.

Be flexible in applying EST principles and strategies

Be proactive by educating yourself early on about the key cultures in the area you work in

Be open with the customer about culture: open the dialogue

Treating customers in a non-culturally sensitive manner is potentially harmful
Private Education: Islamic Schools: Offers a standard curriculum along with religious and Arabic classes
- Provide members of the Arab-American Muslim community with a sense of shared political, cultural and religious identity
- 1990 NYC - 23 Islamic Schools
- Different student populations face overcrowding issues
- According to the Council of Islamic Schools of North America, there are at least 200 Islamic schools nationwide.
- Arab-American families can preserve their cultural and religious roots and build a community that will help them adjust to American life.
Privilege exists when one group has something that is systematically denied to the others
no bc about who they are or what they have done
but according to the social category to which they belong,
To be effective helpers, we must recognize our privileges
permission types class,
the race,
Gender,
sexual orientation,
capability
The problem of waiting for glimpses of therapy is not well appreciated by most culturally diverse clients. People in declining socioeconomic strata fail to perceive insights that are appropriate to their situation and circumstances. how they need money and how they will survive.

Psychology has little relevance in Chinese society. like just because you're not insightful doesn't mean you're incapable of seeing a vision

1. Many think that too much thinking leads to problems. Avoid morbid thoughts, don't think about them.

The second is very racist. Ethnic minority psychologists have held that intuition is a value in itself. This perception led to a change in behavior. But not always. In fact, many behavioral therapists believe that changing behavior leads to insight and not the other way around.

Who is to decide whether someone has gained understanding or not?
Proceed to determine the next step (e.g. information on how to design effective instructions, additional support for ELLs)
Process of full functioning Process of transition from a state of incongruence to a state of congruence; a never-ending process as we are never entirely free from internal conflicts
prohibited blacks from quitting their jobs or working in a high-paying job that involved whites voting, owning guns, and opposing whites. What do the Black Codes prohibit black people from doing?
Projection 14. Attributing one's own impulses and emotions to another person
Proposition 227 An initiative passed by California voters in 1998 that required all minority-language students to be educated in protected English immersion programs, which should normally last no longer than a year, although they have not been entirely successful. Proposition 227 was designed to remove bilingual education from California schools
Proxemic perception and use of personal and interpersonal space.
For Latin Americans, Africans, African Americans, Indonesians, Arabs, South Americans, and French people, talking to a person means a much closer stance than is usual for Euro-Americans.
Psychodynamics assumes that relationships, especially the first ones, are essential for human development. The first relationship affects how a baby defines their identity.
Customer Psychology Sets.

1. The Problem Solving Set The client accepts or rejects the therapist's information based on their perception of truth or falsehood. They use consistency tests to determine whether the information matches previous facts, or they use confirmation tests, which require the customer to search for new information.
Psychological Strokes (Eric Berne) physical contact for babies

getting old = caresses are replaced by attention/respect (symbolic representation of received physical caresses)

* Lack of psychological punches - leads to insecurities
Public Education: School populations have become more ethnically, culturally, and religiously diverse
- Educational Equality Act 1974: Education made available to minority and foreign students in their mother tongue. In addition, English is required as a second language in public schools.
Public Law 105-17 Amendment Ideas Amendments that consolidated the law from eight parts to four parts, strengthened the role of parents, encouraged parents and educators to resolve disagreements through thought, gave schools more leeway to discipline children, students with disabilities, and set funding standards
Public Law 94-142 Education Act for All Children with Disabilities Comprehensive law signed in 1975 that guarantees all children aged 3 to 21 with disabilities free and adequate education in the most restrictive environment possible
The quasi-logical style uses factual statistics and witness testimony as evidence.
Queer Deviation from what is expected or normal; strange
Queer theory states that identities are not fixed but fluid.
Questions include... 1. Use open and closed questions
2. Ask for clarification and meaning
3. Ask questions to better understand customer experiences
Quid pro quo: Includes a promised job benefit in exchange for sexual activity on the part of the harassed worker.
Race is a social construct - not biological
Race and Identity - Maturation (Transversal) Lack of Racial Awareness
Awareness that white is paramount
Confusion about racial alienation, anger, psychological conflict
strong racial group identity, distrust of whites
Dive in/Dive out
healthy racial identity and acceptance (deals with internalizing overwhelming emotions)
Personality including racial identity
Race is a concept invented to categorize the perceived biological, social, and cultural differences between human groups. real
(Episode One: The Difference Between Us)
Racial attitudes and beliefs are formed by... 1) school and education 2) the media 3) peers and social groups.
Racial disproportionality in special education (mislabeling) often results from misidentification in the State Placement Plan (SPP)
- African-American children are more likely to identify with intellectual disabilities and emotional disorders than their white counterparts.
- IDEA calls on state and local authorities to take action to address the disproportionate representation of minority children in special education
Racial identity is a superficial manifestation based on how we look, but it has a deep impact on the way we are treated. a sense of group or collective identity based on the perception that he or she shares a common heritage with a particular racial group.
Identification of racial identity with a specific racial group
Racial identity is defined as... Racial identity can be defined as a process or series of stages that a person goes through in forming that person's attitudes toward their own racial/ethnic group.
Racism is the belief that other groups are intellectually, psychologically, or physically inferior.
Racism is the belief that race determines ability and that one race is superior to another.
Racism is defined as... the innate belief in the superiority of one race over all others and therefore the right to supremacy.
Ratio Measurement Scale Everything is the same in range except that a true zero is added.
E.g. height, weight, time spent on tasks, income, age
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: Humans are inherently rational and irrational, sane and insane.
- Children are more susceptible to external influences and irrational thinking than adults
- people have means to control their thoughts, feelings, actions,
- Don't use "be" - people should talk about and think about their behavior separate from their personality - gives freedom to change
fear reactions fear reactions
Reactive depression occurs early in the stage; We lose hope and begin to feel that there is nothing we can do to avoid our fate
Reality Therapy – emphasizes the choices people can make to transform their lives
-Focus on the environment necessary to implement the advice and processes that lead to change
- emphasize the satisfaction of psychological needs, solving personal difficulties and preventing future problems
-Psychological needs: belonging, power, freedom, fun.
- Problems arise when one does not take responsibility for one's behavior.
Reasonable Man: A “reasonable man” standard would apply to harassment of a male worker. Without being bound by the limits of federal decision-making rights, some state legislators have passed clarifying laws.
Reasonable Victim: In adopting a standard of “reasonable sacrifice,” federal appeals courts require that both a subjective and an objective element prove sexual harassment.
Reasonable Woman: Consequently, sexual harassment of a woman is judged on whether the “reasonable woman” would view the behavior or attitude as sexual harassment.
Receive energy when others fulfill our wants/needs
New Arab-American Immigrants • 1965 – Congress passed a new immigration law that removed the previous restriction that favored immigrants from certain countries over others.
• Diversity in education and work experience
Recent example of culturally appropriate CBT Miranda et. Al., 2006

CBT for depression in low-income minority women: childcare and transportation, psychoeducation, using culturally relevant role models (a drop of water carves a stone)

Used the culturally appropriate CBT manual (Muñoz & Mendelson, 2005)
Reconstruction the period set by Congress after the Civil War during which the political, social, and economic fabric of the South should be rebuilt without slavery; lasted from 1865 to 1877
Rebuilding What was Lincoln's plan to rebuild the country?
Redemption the post-Reconstruction era when the South would be "redeemed" from federal interference in state autonomy and white rule.
Redlining Rejecting someone (for a loan or insurance) because they live in an area considered to be of low financial risk
Reflecting involves... 1. Communicating empathy
2. Neither add nor subtract customer messages
3. Communicate the main meaning of your messages to customers
4. Reflect on the client's feelings/emotions expressed directly in words or implied by non-verbal aspects.
5. Check with the client that the consultant's reflection is correct
Emotional Reflex Emotion should include a feeling or an affective word and be something that the client feels, not the counselor
Refugees People recognized or lawfully persecuted by the US government because of their race, religion, national origin, or membership in a particular social or political group in their home country
nonverbal behavior regulators that help synchronize the comings and goings of conversations, e.g. Head movements, eye contact, postural changes
The 1973 Rehabilitation Act prohibits employers from discriminating against disabled people
Reification When you try to make something real.
Relational level of human interaction that defines the nature of the relationship (animals too)

Part of the communication that takes place "between the lines".

used to understand/discover how much we trust each other

It is at this level that the giving/receiving of energy takes place.
Reliability If a test is reliable, it is consistent
Reliability (coefficient range) -1.0 to +1.0; An index of measurement consistency, generally based on the correlation between results obtained on the initial test and a new test, or between results on two similar forms of the same test.
Reliability (internal consistency (...
Reliability (parallel forms) ...
Reliability (stability)...
externally defined religion, belonging to a group that practices a particular faith
Religious discrimination is the different evaluation or treatment of an individual or group based on what they believe or do not believe.
Religious Diversity: Public schools should be secular environments
- teach tolerance
- Religions are viewpoints or perspectives that contain value systems and beliefs that sometimes contain built-in prejudices.
- Our identity is shaped by our religious beliefs, values, customs and associations.
- Educators need to be open to students and their backgrounds.
Religious/Powerful Figures Religious figures have allied themselves with those in power; They became rulers of their own lives in lavish temples (ornate artworks/ornate tombs)

formed coalitions with other powerful individuals to dominate the masses and conquer new territories in search of wealth
Relocation Act 10. A government effort in the 1950s and 1960s that relocated Native Americans in urban areas and gave them jobs.
ability to reorganize to get on with our lives; redefine us/our social roles
Repeal of the Emancipation Proclamation What did Lincoln warn that Congress and the Supreme Court could do something but ultimately didn't?
Blacks had to be employed by whites, unemployed blacks had to be arrested as vagrants, and blacks had to observe a night curfew. What did the Black Codes require of blacks?
The researchers whose studies support the foot-in-the-door technique are _____. This technique consists of asking for small things first so you are likely to get bigger things. Freedman and Fraser
Reserved discrimination Discrimination against members of a majority group
resistant to extreme values ​​in a median distribution
Response Services) student referrals, 2) remedial planning, 3) crisis counseling
Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent leader of the civil rights movement and founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Review what you find and determine what else is needed
Review relevant documents, medical history, and previous tests or therapy
Revised 7-Step Process 1.) Naive Phase: Neutral to racial or cultural differences
2.) Conformity Phase: The white person's attitudes and beliefs in this phase are highly ethnocentric, minimal self-awareness as a racial being, and strong belief in the universality of values ​​and norms that guide behavior.
3.) Dissonance Phase – Movement into this phase occurs when the white person is forced to deal with contradictions at odds with their denial, they need to acknowledge whiteness at some level, examine their own cultural values, and the conflict between the defenses see nothing -racist. humanistic values ​​and their contradictory behavior
4.) Resistance and Emergence Phase: The white person begins to question and challenge their own racism, anger and guilt towards family, friends and society.
Feelings of guilt and shame towards oneself and towards other targets.
5.) Introspective phase: no longer denying participation in racism and benefiting from white privilege, less motivated by guilt and defensiveness and accepting whiteness, trying to redefine identity and that of their social group
6.) Inclusive Awareness Phase: Understanding oneself as a racial/cultural being, being aware of the socio-political influences on racism and valuing racial/cultural diversity and becoming more committed to eliminating oppression.
7.) Commitment in the anti-racist action phase - social action
Rhetoric Think persuasion
RIOT Review, Interview, Observation, Test.
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated, 1968 The assassination of RFK in a Southern California hotel following a speech following a victory in the California Presidential Primary. He had been a front runner in the elections, with the support and sympathy of many hated and discriminated groups angry at his treatment. His main belief was that the Vietnam War was unnecessary and was hurting rather than strengthening the country, and that the money could be better spent helping poor and abandoned Americans in their own country. (June 1968)
Robert Moses One of SNCC's most influential leaders; Harvard graduate, quiet professor from Harlem,
Black and white volunteers recruited to help rural black people register to vote.https://o.quizlet.com/HAA5Py7nXhkvx2mqc1JyWg_m.png
deer v. Wade, 1973 A pregnant woman challenged Texas state law that she had a constitutional right to her own body and privacy to legally have an abortion, and the Supreme Court agreed that abortion became legal during the first trimester of pregnancy.
School Counselor Role Design and implement a comprehensive program of services with specific goals and objectives that complement the broader mission of the entire school.
Roles of a school counselor Curriculum advice, assessment, advice and guidance
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After his arrest, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
Rosa Parks US civil rights activist who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the national civil rights movement (born 1913)https://o.quizlet.com/0iebZNXv29sKcVfCg0BEZg_m .jpg
Rowe, Bennett, and Atkinson's model of WR consciousness types and their properties Not reached: (types or states as opposed to stages, not fixed entities but subject to experience modifications)
1.) The avoidant type ignores, avoids, denies, or minimizes racial issues
2.) Dependent types have minimal racial attitudes developed through experience or personal considerations
3.) Dissonant types often feel conflicted between their belief systems and conflicting experiences.

Reached:
1.) Dominant types are ethnocentric and believe in white supremacy, minority, and interiority.
2.) Conflict types reject direct and obvious discrimination, but would not be willing to change the status quo.
3.) Reactive types are very aware that racism exists, but seem unaware of their personal responsibility to perpetuate it.
4.) Integrative types have integrated their sense of whiteness towards racial/ethnic minorities and integrate rational analysis on the one hand and moral principles on the other in relation to a variety of racial/ethnic issues.
Reconstruction of the country after the civil war What is reconstruction?
The rules of coexistence are neither written down nor are they usually communicated verbally, but rather operate on the level of unwritten and unspoken expectations.
Same-sex harassment: Is illegal under Title VII so long as the perpetrator can show that the alleged harassment was due to their gender (i.e., it would not have happened to a member of the opposite sex). The Supreme Court dealt in Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 28 In that decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the Title VII protections against discrimination in the workplace “on the basis of … sex” extended to harassment in the workplace between members of the same sex. The harassing behavior does not have to be motivated by sexual intent.
Sarah M. Grimke (1792-1873), radical feminist political activist and author, prominent in the first half of the 19th century.
Messskalen 1. Nominal
2. Ordinal Numbers
3. Interval
4. Reason
Schmoker Essential Teaching Practices Conduct a comprehension check at specific points in the lesson.
Be clear about what is to be learned and assessed.
Schofield has observed that therapists tend to favor clients with YAVIS syndrome. What does YAVIS mean?

Contrasted with QUIOD, which means... 1.young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful.

2. pretty, ugly, old, destitute and culturally different.
Components of School Counselor Planning 1) Process for evaluating school goals
2) Assessing the needs of all constituents
3) Select program goals and objectives
Role of School Counselors in Working with Exceptional Students: IEP Development and Implementation
- Help the teacher quickly assess student needs and develop effective strategies for students of different ability levels
-Helping parents and families of students adapt to the challenges of raising/caring for children
- Counsel students to help them reach their full potential.
Science management: The application of social science research to social policy.
Scientific racism The historical use of science in the study of racial differences appears to be linked to notions of white supremacy.
Ex: Black brains are smaller and less developed
Scientific racism the use of scientific techniques and hypotheses to support or justify beliefs in racism, racial inferiority or racial superiority, or alternatively the practice of categorizing individuals with different phenotypes into different races.
The SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) used Christian principles to combat segregation: nonviolent, composed of black preachers and highly influential (also known as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference); Churches unite to inform blacks of changes in MLK-led civil rights movement; advocated passive resistance
SCLC organization founded by MLK in 1957 to organize nonviolent resistance to achieve equality for African Americans https://o.quizlet.com/VG-JD2HjNH7tjwlGJiCoaA_m.png
Scripts of cognitive representations of socially acceptable behaviors in specific situations

Example: you give your excellent waiter a generous tip; You don't shine your shoes.
Second-class citizens exist when a member of the target group experiences differential treatment from the power group.
The second wave of Arab-American immigrants after World War II, mostly Muslim, had professional qualifications, maintained strong ties to Arab identities, and many lived in affluent suburban areas.
Section 504 of Public Code 93-112, part of Rehabilitation Act 9173, intended to be a disability equality statute to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, requires reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities and prohibits denial of participation in programs that receive government assistance. Funds based solely on a person's disability
The securely attached baby is emotionally stable; responsive/attentive caregiver
Secure attachment stable trusting relationships
Observe Observe the learner in different settings with different peers
See the client as someone who has learned a number of survival skills in the face of a sick person.
Children who blame themselves blame themselves when caregivers steal energy; The child is very insecure
Self-concept and experience My desires and experiences correspond to what happened, is or can happen
Self-pity/guilt that causes others to feel sorry for themselves or guilty for not being compassionate

Ex: TIMOTEO always gets his friends to do things for him and constantly reminds them that he has a serious illness.
Selma March A march tried three times to protest voting rights, injuring and killing many peaceful protesters. Directed by MLK. This resulted in the Voting Rights Act.https://o.quizlet.com/i/0RykB5IoAaUbCmnYgJ2F8g_m.jpg
Semantics the study of the meaning of words, the relationship between words and what they represent
Sending Black Slaves Out of the Country Which would be one way to solve the "Black Problem".
The Seneca Falls Convention was an early and influential women's rights convention, the first organized by women in the western world in Seneca Falls, New York. It lasted two days: July 19, 1848 and July 20, 1848. Women of New York planned the event to coincide with a visit by Lucretia Mott of Philadelphia, a Quaker woman famous for her oratory skills. Mott's oratorical skills were rare during this period, when women were often not allowed to speak in public. Local Quakers in the area organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a non-Quaker skeptic.
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 Historically significant conference on women's civil and political rights in Seneca Falls, New York, with notable activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and abolitionist Frederick Douglass
Individual minorities identify with their own minority subculture, but not with the majority culture
Seven Basic Principles of Eliminating Prejudice Have close intimate contact with others
Cooperation instead of competition without common tasks
Share common goals
· Exchange precise information instead of clichés
Share an equal relationship
· Assistance in breaking down prejudices by authorities and managers
Feel a sense of connectedness and belonging to others
Severe and/or Pervasive Behavior: An allegation of sexual harassment in a hostile work environment is more difficult to prove than an allegation of counter-sexual harassment because the burden of proving that the act was sufficiently serious or pervasive to cause the hostile environment rests with the plaintiff to accomplish. Work environment that changed the victim's working conditions.
Sex and Gender as Synonymous Terms: Courts use the terms “sex” and “gender” interchangeably, but for our purposes we refer to “sex discrimination” and “sex discrimination” when referring to federal human rights laws . discrimination in the workplace. However, we distinguish a narrower term when referring to sexual harassment (a form of discrimination), as this type of crime is sexual in nature.
Gender Discrimination - Gender Discrimination - Gender Discrimination. Gender Discrimination. In the past, women were legally discriminated against because of their gender.
Gender discrimination involves treating a person __________ because of their gender. Such discrimination is unlawful if it adversely affects the work experience of individuals of a specific gender and is not job related or necessary to the operation of the business. unfavorable
Gender discrimination in all its forms is illegal in the workplace. _____ Prohibits discrimination against workers of one sex in connection with payment of lower wages than workers of the opposite sex for equal work in work requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility and performed under similar working conditions. EPA
Sexism Discrimination by members of one sex against another, also known as sexist bias.
Gender Identity Discrimination: Treating an employee unfairly based on the person's self-identification as a gender, either the same as or opposite to the person's birth sex. Gender identity discrimination is not the same as sexual orientation discrimination. Gender identity implies a person's self-identification with a gender, either the same or the opposite gender that they were born with.
Sexual Identity - Cass Model Identity Confusion
identity comparison
identity tolerance
identity acceptance
identity pride
identity synthesis
Sexual objectification occurs when women are treated as objects available to men.
Discrimination on the Ground of Sexual Orientation: A person's sexual orientation is not per se a class protected under Title VII. Discrimination in the workplace based on sexual orientation is not prohibited, but harassment based on sexual orientation can be protected if it is linked to an allegation of gender discrimination, such as: B. non-compliance with gender stereotypes.
Gender Stereotypes: Some federal courts have ruled that a transgender person established membership of a protected class by alleging discrimination based on non-conformance with a gender stereotype. Employers violate Title VII when they discriminate against a worker, transgender or not, because he or she does not behave or appear masculine or feminine enough to satisfy the employer's prejudice.
Sexual/gender identity: the various individual characteristics of a person as perceived as male and/or female.
Sheltered English Immersion is a teaching process in which English language acquisition is structured in such a way that almost all of the instruction is in English. This is the method of instruction required by California Proposition 227, which is usually limited to one year.
Should bilingual children with language disorders be encouraged to use only one language? Not
The meaning of crying allows us to let go of our desires and resolve our inner conflicts.
sit-in protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who sat in "whites-only" cafeterias and refused to leave until served; In 1960, more than 50,000 took part in protests across the South. Its success led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
SLA and bilingualism second language acquisition

Code blending without bilingualism

speech loss
Smile universal sign of joy, love and acceptance.
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) – a group formed in 1960 to promote and use nonviolent means to protest racial discrimination; were primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
SNCC organization formed by college students in 1960 to organize rallies and other nonviolent protests and give youth a voice in the movement; It became more radical in the late 1960s under the leadership of Stokely Carmichaelhttps://o.quizlet.com/UktjDZwd6fUHQT5syCP8lA_m.jpg
Social Capital - Influence and Connections
- Convertible into titles or nobility forms
- It is a network of connections, the result of an incessant effort by the institution
- 3 forms - obligations and expectations, information channels and rules and effective sanctions
-f connection - families, businesses and friends
Social class - group of people occupying a similar position in the economic system of production.
- Within this system, employment is important because it provides financial rewards, stability and benefits.
- Power culture - questions of power are put into practice in the classroom. Codes or rules for belonging to a dominant group
Social Construction How society defines what is true and what is not. people create meaning. Prerequisite: epistemology.

Knowledge is a social product. Language is the core of knowledge. It is a dynamic process (change). The individual and society are inseparable.
Social groups/social hierarchies all civilizations - primitive Stone Age culture type

Cultivation of wild plants, formation of villages, population growth
Social Identity Theory and Different Levels of Group Identity Some groups are much larger and inclusive of others, while some other groups partially overlap

the more we share energy = importance of the group
Social Justice Counseling an active philosophy and approach aimed at creating conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity; Reducing or eliminating inequalities in education, health, employment, etc.
Social language theory emphasizes the environment.
Social learning states that individuals learn to be male and female primarily by imitating others and receiving responses from others to their behavior.
Social oppression occurs when one group exploits another for their own benefit.
Key Elements of Social Oppression 1. The dominant group defines what is normal
2. Unequal Treatment
3. Psychological colonization of the target group
leads to internalized oppression
4. The culture of the target groups is discounted
& the culture of the dominant groups is imposed
Social power relative to energy plus social power = less other people can steal energy from us and more we can steal energy from them

more insecure = more we long for social power
Assessment of the social role assessment of people with mental disabilities
social roles Sets of expected behaviors associated with people in a particular position
Sociopolitical Debt: Extent to which communities of color are excluded from the civic process
- Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Possibly the most successful law passed by the US Congress. It represents a proactive attempt to clear the socio-political debt accumulated since the nation's founding.
Factors influencing socioeconomic class include educational level, job stability, wages, marital status, family income, family size, citizenship, access to health care.
Sojourner Truth, the African-American anti-slavery leader who championed the importance of political and social equality for all women.
Solution Focused Therapy: Focuses on finding solutions rather than dealing with problems
-People want change and only a small amount is needed
some of the strongest black codes What did Mississippi have?
someone guilty of a crime but treated as if it never happened What is amnesty?
Southern Senator but remained loyal to the North. Andrew Johnson was he a northerner and a southerner?
Space (proxemics) Study of the different uses of personal space by people
The speaker of the language responsible for the speaker is expected to provide the structure and much of the specific meaning of the statements used in English.
internally defined spirituality, beliefs and beliefs
Spirituality-

Religion: This is a life force animation that includes religion and tells of thoughts, feelings and behaviors related to a transcendent state. It can be sought outside of any particular religion because it is transpersonal and includes one's capacity for creativity, growth and love.

narrower, with a specific doctrine and belief system.
White Identity Development Internship - Contact Lack of awareness of cultural and institutional racism and white privilege itself (invisible backpack)
Stage of White Identity Development - Disintegration Lack of conscience replaced by guilt uneasiness
White Identity Development Stage: Immersion/Emergence Actively seek opportunities to explore aspects of your own culture with the support of peers of your own race.
White Identity Developmental Stage: Pseudo-Independent Cognitively understands the issue of white privilege but is unsure of what to do about it.
Stage of White Identity Development: Guilt and fears of reintegration are redirected to fear and anger at people of color who are now blamed as the source of uneasiness.
Developmental stage of white identity - autonomy - redefined sense of identity as white
- positive feelings associated with restarting
- Alliances with people of color can be more easily forged at this stage as the person's anti-racist behaviors and attitudes are more consistently expressed.
Phases of a group 1. Pre-group phase - formation of a group
2. Initial Phase - Orientation and Exploration
3. Transition phase: The leader helps the group to start working on the issues
4. Work stage - productivity
5. Final phase - identification learned and applied
Standardized Test A standardized test is any type of test that requires all test-takers to answer the same questions, or a selection of questions from a common set of questions, in the same way, and is scored in a "standard" or consistent manner. , which makes it possible to compare the relative performance of individual students
Viewpoint Focuses on how belonging to groups such as those identified by gender, race, class, and sexual identity shapes what people experience, know, feel, and do, and how people understand social life as a whole.
Stanine understandability of percentages with properties of the normal probability curve. Stanines divides the bell curve into nine sections, with the largest being in the 40th to 60th percentile.
Stanines test scores converted to an equivalent standard score in a normal distribution with values ​​1, 2, 3, ... 9, a mean of 5, and a standard deviation of 1.96.
States would decide how their residents would be treated. What was the solution to problem 1?
Statistics and testing: Variability is defined as... the spread, spread, or spread of results or values ​​in a distribution, usually around the mean
Statistics and Tests: Central tendency is... a measure of the point around which a group of values ​​clusters.
Statistics and Tests: Correlation coefficients mean... a numeric value that indicates the strength of the relationship between variables
Statistics and Evidence: Sampling theory is... random sampling of a population we wish to study. When the population is large, researchers often resort to sampling. The following must be taken into account: - Is the sample representative? - What percentage of errors is acceptable?
Statistics and Testing: The standard error of measurement is... the estimate of the "error" associated with the scores achieved by test-takers compared to their hypothetical "true" scores.
Test Statistics - Test Norms... Norm-related tests compare an individual's score to the score of a group of people who have already taken the same test, called a "norm group".
Stealing Energy People who are less powerful than us (family, friends, schoolmates, co-workers, neighbors, total strangers) steal energy
Steal energy by taking more than you give back
Stereotype A widely accepted but fixed and simplified image or idea of ​​a certain type of person or thing.
Stereotype Fixed simplified image of the members of a community
Stereotype Threatens a difficult situation where individuals risk confirming negative stereotypes about their group.
The threat of stereotypes suggests that people of color often find themselves in a position where they fear validating a misconception about themselves.
Stereotypically exaggerated and generally biased opinions of a group
oversimplifying image stereotypes and exaggerated generalizations about social groups,
selective generalizations that attribute specific properties to the group that are not necessarily true,
can be used to spread misinformation and stigmatize a subordinate group
Stereotypes We hold rigid prejudices against all people who are members of a particular group, whether defined in terms of race, religion, sex, or any other.
Stereotypes AND simplistic opinions, biased attitudes or judgments, especially towards specific individuals or groups.
Stokely Carmichael coined the term "black power" and moved SNCC away from a nonviolent approach. https://o.quizlet.com/hGsaPWvhDTDnmP47pp8ojg_m.jpg
Stonewall riots, 1969 Riots in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York by members of the gay community against a police raid on a gay bar
History A primary means by which people understand.

Think about belief systems and ways of life.
Structured group x. Unstructured Group Structured groups present a sequence of lessons or activities, while unstructured groups have no planned agenda, lessons, or activities; informal groups are usually open.
Subculture Groups of people in a complex and diverse society, originating from many parts of the world and retaining much of their original cultural tradition.
subordinate / disadvantaged goal,
categorized,
different treatment,
lack of power and influence
Subtle sexism Unequal treatment and injustice in the treatment of women, which many people do not recognize because it is perceived as normative and therefore does not seem unusual.
Successful teaching is consistent… Successful teaching is consistent, rigorous, interdisciplinary, integrated, connected to the students' lived culture, connected to their intellectual legacy, engaging, and designed for critical thinking and purposeful problem-solving outside of the classroom.
concise style, long pauses and understatement, preferred Japanese-American, Native American or Chinese-American style
Sue & Sue (1999) The 3 Core Principles of Awareness of Cultural Competence

knowledge

competencies

Additionally:

Balance recognizing your limitations with striving to learn, especially in graduate programs

Be aware of additional stressors that may arise from being a minority, being new to the US, or having different values ​​from the culture or parents.

Also, be culturally competent in research
Suffering the right to vote in political elections.
Sunset Cities A sunset city is a small town, city, or neighborhood in the United States that has been intentionally kept all white. The term comes from the signs advising people of color to leave the city at sunset.
Manager – Liability for the Manager's Actions The Ellerth and Faragher judgments describe a manager as a person with authority who is immediately or successively superior to another employee. The courts do not use a mechanical test to determine a superior. Instead, they see a person's authority exercised at work.
Susan B. Anthony played a key role in the 19th century women's rights movement to establish women's suffrage in the United States.
Susan Freeman teaches about the historical construction of gender and sexual identity, with a focus on how feminist, LGBT, and other social justice movements have shaped public perceptions of sexuality.
Suzuki says every child's potential is what? Every child's potential is limitless.
sweat v. The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was denied admission to the University of Texas Law School because the Texas state constitution prohibits integrated education. At the time, no law school in Texas admitted blacks. Segregated law school in Texas was viewed as an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.
symbolic ethnicity An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues, rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage.
Symbolic Interactionism It is through communicating with others that we learn who we are and how our culture views our identity.
Symbols Words, actions or objects that represent or stand for a unit of meaning
syntactic relationship of words to each other, certain rules for word order in each language
socially sanctioned systematic oppression and perpetuates a power imbalance
started:
Institutions: media, family, religion, education, language, economy, criminal justice
cultural definitions: normal, genuine, correct, beautiful, valuable
systematic cycle of oppression around power, control, economy:
1. Systematic mistreatment of the target group
2. Generated incorrect information (including missing information),
3. Society accepted (approved, legitimized, normalized),
4. internalized oppression (misbeliefs about one's own group),
5. internalized mastery (feeling/acting superior, often unconsciously),
6. Perpetuate and enforce institutions,
7. Justification for more abuse
(suppress based on the effects of suppression)
T-scores are... a test score converted to an equivalent standard score in a normal distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
Taking energy when we REQUIRE others to satisfy our wants/needs
The self-certification is addressed to the person to whom the self-certification is given.
What do teachers who regularly require critical thinking do? - As long as the students actively participate, good teaching takes place.
- Anytime students are directly involved in a real life experience, good teaching is taking place.
Techniques of dominance 1. Stereotypes
2. prejudices
3. Discrimination
A term meaning that a behavior cannot be described as good or bad except in the context of the culture. cultural relativism
Try formal and informal assessments to complete the picture
Test the customer with multiple assessments
Test-retest (reliability coefficients) when the test is used to make a prediction
Tests in more than one language McArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventories
The 13th Amendment was passed. What happened in December 1865?
The benefit of taking action by _____ _____ is that the employee does not have to create the same work item under similar working conditions as required by the EPA. Title VII
The five great universal concepts (E, ES, OE, A, C) for understanding the psychological characteristics of individuals

Evolutionary Psychologists: This universally human trait of using these specific concepts to understand our social world is biological in nature (innate mechanism that helps us adapt effectively to the social world).

It is used to distinguish people, select friends or colleagues, or rate people who may threaten us

Trends can have a genetic basis
The Black Codes were a set of statutes and laws enacted by the Southern state legislature in 1865 and 1866 after the end of the Civil War at the beginning of the Reconstruction era.
Public laws protecting the civil rights of restricted minorities
The Black Codes, which included vagabond laws, led to a system of sanctions and punishments, including the convict lease, which put freed slaves back into forced labor on plantations.
black and white slaves What are the two opposing groups in the Union?
The continuum of cultural competence Cultural destructiveness
cultural disability
cultural blindness
cultural competence
cultural competence
cultural competence
The Crisis, a song written by W.E. B. Du Bois shortly after the formation of the NAACP in 1910; is committed to educating people about racial discrimination; reached a peak circulation of 100,000 copies in 1918
The culturally disabled model perspective (related to environmental, non-biological factors) that upholds the belief that minorities are culturally disadvantaged, disabled, or underprivileged; now the blame has shifted to lifestyles or values. Cultural deprivation is defined as a lack of cultural background, which is impossible since everyone inherits a culture.
Culturally diverse model minorities should no longer be viewed as culturally deficient but as culturally diverse. Society should aim to recognize the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles, the benefits of biculturalism, and the value of differences.
The development of a comprehensive counseling plan consists of the following steps: 1. Planning
2. Organisation
3. Implementation
4. Rating
The Ellerth and Faragher judgments describe ________ as a person with immediate or successively higher authority over an employee. The Supreme Court reached this conclusion because the manager's apparent authority, delegated by the employer, encourages discriminatory misconduct. At sight
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution intended to ensure equal rights for women. ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and first presented to Congress in 1923. In 1972 it passed both chambers of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. The ERA did not receive the required number of ratifications (38) by the Congress deadline of June 30, 1982 and was therefore not adopted. During the ratification process, Phyllis Schlafly mobilized Conservatives to oppose the ERA, which turned out to be a major factor in the amendment's defeat. Equal rights under the law may not be denied or restricted by the United States or any other state on the basis of gender.
Published The Feminine Mystique, 1963, written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three; she described the problems facing middle-class American women and the fact that women are not equal with men; said women were prevented from reaching their full human potential
The Genetic Disability Model The portrayal of people of color in the literature as being stereotyped as being lacking in certain desirable traits. EX: Attempting to cultivate research-oriented credibility by using “scientific” or “biological” difference as a race/gender-based measure of intelligence.
the campaign for human rights..., political action committee
The Notion of Ability or Talent... The notion of ability or talent, set in stone at the moment of conception, has been challenged through statistical research and scrutiny of the lives of exceptionally gifted individuals.
People in the southern states would become US citizens again, and states could send representatives to Congress. What would happen if problem 1 is solved?
The typical personality of the group in question. modal personality
The presence of other people (colleagues, peers, etc.) improves a person's performance, even when there is no verbal interaction. for example. in the task of remembering a series of #s. Social Facilitation Phenomena (FH Allport)
The slave owners are in the majority and the whites are the former representatives of the state, so they will not be fair to the slaves. What was the problem with letting the state decide what to do with the freed slaves?
the South would be ruled by a military governor. What would happen if the southern states didn't follow the 10% plan?
Supreme Court decisions in Ellerth and Faragher imposed vicarious liability for unlawful harassment by _______. These decisions place a positive obligation on the employer to eliminate sexually hostile behavior in the workplace. This duty requires employers to develop and publish a policy that prohibits sexual harassment, provides a procedure for lodging complaints, and provides for a full and thorough investigation of all complaints, regardless of the gender of the complainant. superiors
The term that suggests that ethnic and racial minorities adopt cultural beliefs from the dominant culture is ____ acculturation.
The theory that all cultures, like children, go through stages of development and maturation. cultural epoch theory
A three-pronged FRAMEWORK for understanding the multiple dimensions of identity: All individuals are in many ways (a) like no other individuals, (b) like some individuals, and (c) like all other individuals.
The way an individual "should" behave versus all behaviors within a culture, the ideal culture versus the actual culture
Theme 4: Systemic Change Counselors can screen the school for systemic barriers to academic success. Advisors must use the data to advocate for each student to ensure equality and access to a rigorous curriculum that maximizes post-secondary options.
be afraid; Leadership consultants are involved in system-wide changes to ensure student success. they promote success by closing the existing performance gap.
Theme 3: Collaborative advisors and staff work with all stakeholders inside and outside the school system to design and implement engaging educational programs that support the achievement of set goals for each student.
subject two; Advocacy consultants are committed to the educational needs of students and work to ensure that these needs are met at all levels of the school experience.
Theory that intellectual functioning declines 5 years before death. final fall or final decline
The theory that people need to compare themselves to others to evaluate their own abilities and choices is _____. It also shows that we compare ourselves to other people who are _____ to us. Social comparison theory, similar
Leon Festinger
Training multicultural therapists Therapists are becoming more culturally sensitive and patients have a more positive view of their therapist, but the impact on outcome has not been systematically studied.
There are 3 major potential obstacles to being an effective individual and family counselor: a. class values
B. Language problems
C. Cultural Values
Thick skin makes the air (energy)/water (lack of energy) flow in/out of the person less freely; makes the person heavier and sinks deeper

short-term - protects us from energy loss

long term - makes us lose energy

when you feel anxious and strange
Thin shells allow the air (energy)/water (lack of energy) to flow in/out of the person more freely; brightens the person and rises to the surface

when you feel relaxed and at ease
Thirteenth Amendment, adopted December 18, 1865; reads in part: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime for which the party must have been duly convicted, shall exist in the United States or anywhere under its jurisdiction."
Three Components of Culture What people think
what people do
What material products people produce.
Three dimensions of the Model of Multidimensional Cultural Competence (MDCC) Dimension 1: Group-specific world views (race, gender, sexual orientation, age, etc.)
Dimension 2: Components of cultural competence (awareness of attitudes/beliefs, knowledge, skills)
Dimension 3: Focus of cultural competence (social, organizational, professional, individual)
Three LEVELS of the three-part development of personal identity: Individual level: uniqueness (genetic endowment, non-shared experiences)

Group level: similarities and differences (gender, SES, age, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, religious preference, etc.)
They may be in different groups and one group's identity may be stronger than another.

Universal level: Homo sapiens (ability to use symbols, shared life experiences, biological and physical similarities, self-awareness)
Thurgood Marshall American civil rights attorney, first black judge on the US Supreme Court. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Defended the Brown case against the Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall, American civil rights attorney, first black justice on the United States Supreme Court; an advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.https://o.quizlet.com/haLg9N0Gt8eMMO2ZP4nr8w_m.jpg
temporal orientation value or importance that members of a culture attach to the passage of time
Time (chronemic) study of time as people use it, structure it, interpret it, and understand its passage
The timing of self-disclosure refers to disclosing things about oneself and what is considered the right timing in certain cultures
Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ... shall not discriminate against a qualified person with a disability.
Title II of Education Reform deals with training teachers and principals and improving education through technology
Congress passed a Title IX Act in 1972 to give women equal access to all aspects of education.
Title IX of the Educational Amendments Comprehensive federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in any federally funded educational program or activity (applies to all federally funded schools and colleges) and also protects against sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace
Title IX, 1972 "No one in the United States shall be disqualified from participation, denied benefit, or subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance."
Title VII _________ Discrimination based on invariable characteristics linked to the sex of the worker. These traits include skin color, hair texture, or certain facial features, although not all members of the protected group have them. prohibits
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act provides that an employer shall not discriminate in connection with employment based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 ... prohibits discrimination in employment based on five criteria: race, colour, religion, sex or national origin.
Appeal to the South Why Did Lincoln Elect Andrew Johnson as Vice President?
Tolerance Acceptance of beliefs and attitudes that differ from one's own.
very generous and that the Confederates should be punished. What did many, especially Republicans, think of the recovery plan?
Traditionalists..., 60-70, patriotic, loyal, fiscally conservative, religious. I learned it the hard way: you can do it too.
Traditionality while maintaining original cultural identities
trait factor professional development there is a direct connection between interests and skills
Transgender Transgender people (sometimes abbreviated as trans or TG) are people whose psychological nature ("gender identity") differs from societal expectations of the physical gender they were born with. To understand this, one must understand the difference between biological sex, which is the body itself (genitals, chromosomes, etc.), and social sex, which refers to the levels of masculinity and femininity. Society often confuses sex and gender and sees them as the same thing. But gender and gender are not the same. Transgender people are people whose psychological self (“gender identity”) differs from societal expectations of the physical gender they were born with. For example, a woman with a male gender identity or identifying as a man.
An umbrella term for transsexuals, transvestites (transvestites), transgender people, gender queers, and people who do not identify as neither female nor male and/or neither male nor female. Transgender is not a sexual orientation; Trans people can be of any sexual orientation. It's important to realize that while some people fit this definition of transgender, they may not identify as transgender.
transgender - transgender person A person who identifies and adopts the gender identity of a member of the opposite biological sex.
Transgender Person: A person who identifies and adopts the gender identity of a member of the opposite biological sex.
Transition A complicated multi-step process that can take years as transgender people align their anatomy with their sexual identity and/or their gender expression with their gender identity.
Transition activities for students include... - Liaison arrangements with other schools
- Counseling programs at class/building level
-Friendship systems for new students.
- Placement activities for incoming students
- teach students job search skills
Transition Plan A needs assessment and planning for the student's transition to adulthood Transition plans became a requirement in the 1990 idea for all children with disabilities up to age 14
Group Description Transition The leader helps the group start working on the concerns: members decide whether to take risks and talk about things they may be hiding.
Translated test warning Cultural bias (e.g. a student who recently immigrated from the Caribbean may never have experienced winter, snow or snow)
translated test Warning It is not always possible to translate certain grammatical or linguistic concepts/forms into other languages
translated test Warning It is not always possible to translate certain grammatical or linguistic concepts/forms into other languages
Beware of Translated Tests Tests that are clinically meaningful in one language may not be clinically meaningful to distinguish one disorder from another
Be careful with the translated test The translated test still uses the norms of the group from which it was translated
Translating using verbal cues to understand another language's verbal cues usually refers to the transfer of written codes between languages
Translation equivalency process that attempts to translate and represent a source language as accurately as possible
Cultural practices of the Inherited Culture that have nothing (or no longer) to do with survival and reproduction

Example: The fashion industry can encourage baggy, baggy clothing; Even if we don't need it to survive, our culture still participates because we don't want to feel left out.
Transphobia Fear or hatred of transgender people; Transphobia manifests itself in many ways, including violence, bullying, and discrimination.
Transphobia is a set of antagonistic attitudes and feelings towards transsexuality and transsexual or transgender people based on the expression of their internal gender identity.
Transsexual Transsexual refers to a person experiencing a mismatch between the gender they were born with and the gender they identify with. Sometimes a trans person will undergo medical treatment to reassign their physical gender to their sexual identity through hormone treatments and/or surgery. Not all trans people can or want to have surgery.
Tribal self-determination A term that emerged in the 1960s to describe the desire of indigenous tribes and communities for self-government
Troy Female Seminary, founded in 1821 by Emma Hart Willard in Troy, NY; a school for young women that prepared hundreds of teachers for Eastern schools before Horace Mann developed the regular school system
True All cultures share certain universal characteristics that arise from the basic needs of all human beings.
True cultural customs include the way we shake hands and greet each other.
True culture is shared, it is learned
and passed on between generations.
True parents give their children American names so that they cannot easily assimilate and become financially successful.
True parents ensure their children use their sense of identity, culture, language, and heritage as they integrate into the United States.
Correct The definition of Latino is a person of Hispanic or non-European descent who speaks Spanish.
True The products of a culture are man-made things like buildings or forms of government and our written language.
True The word Hispanic refers to all people of Hispanic-speaking descent; it is a time determined by the United States government.
Truman Prohibited Segregation of the Armed Forces, 1948 Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States armed forces and eventually ended segregation in the services.
Reliability a motivational variable...includes factors such as sincerity, directness, honesty, and perceived lack of motivation for personal gain.
Tuskegee Experiment conducted 1932-1972 by the US Public Health Service; More than 600 black Alabama men were used as guinea pigs in a study of the damage to the body if syphilis was left untreated.
Tuskegee Institute founded in 1881 by Booker T. Washington; a professional training institution for African-American youth that later became a major university and now stands prominently among the nation's historically black colleges and universities
Two myths about the elderly: intelligence decreases with age and elderly people are unable to have sexual relationships.
Type A individuals identify with broader American culture without identifying strongly with Asian culture.
Asian American Type Bs identify with both American and Asian cultures.
Type C Asian Americans identify more with their own culture than with American culture
Type D Asian Americans do not identify with their own culture or with American culture
Type of conflict when a person has two negative alternatives. Avoidance - conflict avoidance
Kurt Lewin
Type of conflict when a person is presented with 2 equally attractive options at the same time. Focus - focus conflict
Kurt Lewin
Types of Groups Education, homework, discussion, experience, support, self-help, counseling/therapy
Validity Types Content
criterion (predictive)
Simultaneously
discriminatory
US troops deployed in Little Rock, 1957 Protecting Little Nine Black boys who chose to attend a formerly white-only high school in Little Rock, Arkansas; With riots expected and occurring, Eisenhower sent federal protection to this Little Nine. They stayed at the school for the whole school year.
Avoid uncertainty to the extent that cultures feel threatened by the unpredictability of the future, so try to establish more structure in the form of rules, regulations, rituals, and mandatory practices.
Uncertainty Avoidance How members of a culture adapt to change or deal with uncertainties about the future
Uncle Tom Syndrome is used by minorities to appear docile, unassertive, and happy and fortunate to escape oppression from white populace.
Unconditional positive regard (Carl Rogers) means fully supporting and accepting a person no matter what that person says or does.
Under the Black Codes, the civil rights of freedmen were restricted in the Black Codes and were not equal to the civil rights of whites.
Class Homeless, Wellness, Part Time, Disabled, Government Aid
Underlying cross-cultural research question Which therapy, offered by which therapist, is most effective for someone?
Accidental racism without realizing the harmful consequences of their behavior.
United Farm Workers (UFW), founded 1962. A union founded by César Chávez and others to push for rights and better treatment for migrant workers (the vast majority of whom were Latinos).
Universal Level of Identity We all have things in common. Our "universal" similarities are biological and physical similarities: shared life experiences like birth, death, love.
When convicted of a felony, what was the only exception to the duty to work?
Upper middle class (class) Doctors, lawyers, architects, owners of medium-sized companies
Bottom-up counterfactuals help drive improvements and make us feel negative

*how we motivate ourselves to make improvements
Urban OCD patients and recent study results Friedman et. Al., 2003

EX/RP Naturalistic Study, African Americans and Caribbeans are Equally Likely to Respond Compared to Whites
Urban Readiness Action Theory • Provide a culturally relevant curriculum that centralizes, not marginalizes, the full experience of urban youth;
• Taking responsibility for teaching and motivating our youth to learn, whether they are indifferent, resilient, or well below class level;
• Adapt our teaching styles, strategies and techniques to the learning styles of urban youth.
US cultural worldview beliefs Dualistic thinking, strong individualism, and mastery of nature
Helpful Answers from the Counselor... Take the student to deeper levels of inquiry, understanding and feeling about their experiences.
Patterns of use between ethnicities There are ethnic differences, but the patterns are inconsistent and likely to be confusing

For example, Latinos benefit from therapy but tend to underutilize services (Sue et al., 1991).
The vagrant laws allowed the police to arrest people only if they suspected they were doing something illegal.
Tramp laws forced ex-slaves to sign labor contracts
The valence of the self-report relates to whether the self-report is positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable.
Validity The extent to which the measurement or test instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Validity means that the test measures what it is intended to measure.
verbal consisting of spoken or written words
verbal code set of rules about the use of words when composing messages
Vietnam Era Veterans Adjustment Assistance Act of 1974 Act prohibiting discrimination against certain veterans
View of Authority: Black and colored students think, "The person in authority becomes a teacher because they have authority."
- White students think, "The teacher is the authority because she is the teacher."
The vocabulary equivalence interpreter tries to find a word that corresponds to the specific language to be interpreted
vocal qualities of the voice in addition to the actual meaning of the words (pitch, volume, speed)
Voting Rights Act of 1965 A law created to remove formal and informal barriers to African American voting rights. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans registered under the law, and the number of elected African American officials increased dramatically. Promoting Greater Social Equality and Reducing Inequality in Wealth and Education https://o.quizlet.com/P-3zcmR6ZSZC1IKUe9N87A_m.jpg
Voting Rights Act of 1965 A law created to remove formal and informal barriers to African American voting rights. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans registered under the law, and the number of elected African American officials increased dramatically. It promoted greater social equality and reduced inequality in wealth and education.
THE NETWORK. Du Bois (1868-1963), scholar and political activist; author of Souls of Black Folk and several other books; founded and edited Crisis, one of the NAACP's early publications
Walter Fisher proposed that the world is rational. His theory is the "rational world paradigm" and the "narrative paradigm". The rational world paradigm suggests that humans are essentially rational and make decisions based on arguments.
I wanted it to sound reasonable for both southerners and northerners. How did Lincoln plan to run his plan?
Watts Riots, 1965 A large-scale, 6-day riot in the Watts area of ​​Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. Although the riots began in August, there was already a rise in racial tension in the area (which these riots likely fueled). ). )
Wealth is all the things you own that society considers valuable
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – 4th Edition (WISC-IV), which compares student scores to those of the general population and identifies learning disabilities and giftedness. Decisions about maintaining grades should be based on academic performance, not intelligence test scores.
What are behavioral anchors (on rating scales)? 🇧🇷
What are some cultural issues in grading? 1. Representativeness in normative groups in terms of gender and culture.
2. Cultural bias in language use
3. English as a Second Language
4. Gender bias
What are the 3 domains in multicultural counseling skills? 1. Awareness of your own assumptions, values ​​and prejudices.
2. Understand the worldview of the culturally diverse customer.
3. Develop appropriate intervention strategies and techniques.
What are the 4 forces of human behavior in relation to counseling? 1. Psychodynamics
2. behavior
3. Humanist
4. Multiculturalism
What are the 5 therapeutic taboos? 1. Therapists do not give advice or suggestions.
2. Therapists do not disclose their thoughts and feelings.
3. Therapists don't negotiate with clients.
4. Therapists do not engage in double duty relationships with clients.
5. Therapists do not accept gifts from clients.
What are the basic elements of comprehensive mentoring programs? 1. Orientation curriculum
2. Individual planning
3. Incoming Services
4. System Support
What are the dangers of having an interpreter for an ELL child? test log
Get the right interpreter
What are the Foundations of Social Justice Therapy? 1) should create conditions that allow equal access and opportunities;
2) reducing or eliminating inequalities in education, health, employment and other areas that affect the quality of life of the population concerned;
3) Encourage mental health professionals to consider the micro, meso, and macro levels when evaluating, diagnosing, and treating a client and their systems; Y
4) Expand the role of the support professional to include not only the counselor/therapist, but also the advocate, counselor, psychoeducator, change agent, community worker, etc.
What four things should the counseling course include? 1) a conscious lifting component
2) an affective/experiential component
3) a knowledge component
4) a competency component
What are the required elements of an IEP?** Routing
Evaluation
modifications
accommodations
What information rights do parents have regarding the counseling of their children? You are legally the "client", you can ask them to respect the safe consultation room; If necessary, you can give them a vague summary of what was discussed.
What are the steps in the ethical decision-making process? 1. What are the consequences of your decision?
2. How can the option be implemented?
3. Decide which option is the most ethical.
4. Consider your options.
5. Reflect on the ethical dilemma and identify all components as objectively as possible.
What are the three components of cultural competence? Become aware of your own assumptions (attitudes/beliefs).

Actively seek to understand the customer's worldview (knowledge)

Actively develop intervention strategies that are appropriate for the client (skills)

**Cultural Competence is active and ongoing
What are the three areas in a comprehensive counseling program: academic, professional, personal/social?
What are the three measures of central tendency? Mean, median and mode.
What Teachers Can Do (1 & 2) • The teaching itself has the greatest impact on performance
• Most (but not all) teaching is not effective, despite our best intentions, but can be improved significantly and quickly through shared and accessible agreements between teachers and administrators.
What determines the likelihood of the client engaging in an introspection other than race? SES: Since surviving, people from higher social classes have had more time to look inside themselves (introspection) because they don't have to stop at surviving.
What have the Black Codes restricted? the liberty of blacks (liberos) and the right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces like the cities of the South.
What does a relational group focus on? The experiences here and now of all members and the ongoing process between them in developing their mutual relationships.
What does an intrapersonal mentoring group focus on? The needs and concerns of individual members and engages the group in interactions that also focus on those needs, sometimes an entire session is devoted to one member's needs.
What does Kohl suggest to us with children growing up in poverty? Develop knowledge of the outside world that children from disadvantaged families may lack.
What does the term "least restrictive environment" mean? requires schools to regularly teach students with disabilities. Population as far as possible and appropriate for students with disabilities.
What has been added to the DSM regarding our class? Culture-Bound Syndromes
What is a School Counseling Program? It is comprehensive in scope, preventative in design, and pro-developmental.
What is a sociogram and when would you use one? A graphical representation of a person's social ties. It can be designed according to many different criteria: social relationships, channels of influence, lines of communication, etc. Other definition: Represents the patterns of relationships between individuals in a group, usually expressed in terms of which people they prefer to associate with.
What is a test battery? measures a wide range of skills and is used in areas such as career choice, rehabilitation and career counseling,
What is internal consistency? Estimate based on the correlation between the variables that make up the set.
What is required so that confidential information about the student advisory service can be passed on to third parties? a signed statement
How does the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) affect the work of the school counselor? FERPA protects the privacy of student records. This means that many parents ask to see their students' educational records. The implications for the school counselor are usually ethical when noncustodial parents express an interest in the records. In addition, it must be clear to the consultant what will be included in the permanent record.
What does a negative correlation coefficient mean? A statistic that measures the closeness between two variables. A statistical measure of the extent to which changes in one variable are related to changes in another. Negative correlation means that the two values ​​vary in opposite directions. Thus, as the parameter x increases, the parameter y decreases.
What does the term exceptional used by educators mean? A student has an area of ​​functioning in which he or she differs significantly from an established norm. This definition includes students with disabilities as well as those with special gifts or talents.
What is the nonverbal behavior that mental health professionals are most likely to address? eye contact.
Therapists often attribute negative traits to avoiding eye contact.
particularly common when dealing with African American customers; some African Americans can make eye contact when speaking, but rarely eye contact when listening; Contrast for Euro-Americans
What is the relationship between standard errors and true results? 🇧🇷
What is the typical role of an advisor in creating and implementing the IEP for a student with a disability? - Be present at the IEP meeting and work with the team on accommodation
- Attend CARE/SST team meetings - Communicate with students and parents as needed
- advocate for the student and ensure services are delivered
What laws were passed after the Civil War Black Codes
Which family members should NOT participate in the translation? children
What teaching style or learning activity is most effective in helping students understand and appreciate differences? Why? An experiential (interactive) style tends to be an effective approach, although others are as well.
What types of student development are the focus of a comprehensive tutoring program: academic, professional, and personal/social development
What was the first year a state had a poll tax? 1870
Georgia
What was the purpose of the Black Codes? Regain control of freed slaves
Restrict the freedom of freed slaves
prevent black riots
Ensuring a steady supply of cheap labor
maintain separation
Maintain white supremacy
What were some black codes? primarily white
survey tax
Literacy Tests
grandfather clause
Ownership is required to vote
When a client turns to psychosis to avoid life's difficulties. escape from reality
When a client transfers to a counselor because of past experiences with authority figures, this is an ambivalent ___ transfer
When individuals preserve their cultural heritage but collaborate on social, political and economic issues. cultural pluralism
When is a referral the most appropriate response from the school counselor to the student's needs? The supervisor is unable to meet the student's needs for the following reasons:
-Tempo
- The student's problem is outside the scope of school counseling
-Seeks
- Advisor bias
When was the first of the Black Codes approved? in Mississippi on November 22, 1865, after the end of the Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 10, 1865) during the Reconstruction era.
Which advisors have the most power to oppress people on a systematic and societal level? white consultants.
Which measure of central tendency is most resilient to extremes? median
White Counselors may be unintentionally racist when: - You are unaware of your biases, biases and discriminatory behaviors.
-They often perceive themselves as good and decent beings and find it difficult to see themselves as racists.
They have no idea what their whiteness means to them.
-Your therapeutic approaches to multicultural populations are likely to do more harm than good
White Flight The movement of white urbanites to the suburbs to escape the influx of minorities.
White primarily the practice of preventing blacks from voting in Southern primary elections using arbitrary registration requirements and intimidation
White Privilege Invisible backpack of unearned assets that can be used to collect benefits every day, not given to those who don't fit this scheme.
Developmental level of white racial identity
unconscious contact with white privilege
Disintegration conflict over racial status
conscious reintegration of the racial hierarchy of society
Pseudo-independence recognition of racism in culture
Immersion-Emersion-Unlearning of Racism. a conscious decision not to discriminate
White and other racial autonomy acceptance, equality actions
White Supremacy Culture (Traits) Perfectionism
sense of urgency
defensiveness
quantity before quality
worship of the written word
paternalism
the thinking
accumulation of power
Fear of open conflict
individualism
The progress is higher (more)
objectivity
right to comfort
Defining White Supremacy Ideology As an ideology, white supremacy encourages us to value white people, white culture and all things related to people of color.
white, freedom of movement Southern legislatures were still all ________ and restricted _______ ___ __________.
Whitopia "Whiter than the nation, its region and its state"
Who created the black codes? White Southern legislators in the legislatures of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Virginia, Florida, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
Why are ELL students struggling in school? environmental compatibility
Why more emphasis was placed on training white interns: - Most psychiatrists are white or members of the majority group;
- Counseling/therapy theories and practices emerge from a predominantly white western perspective and form the pedagogical foundations of our graduate programs; Y
- White, male, heterosexual Euro-Americans continue to control and hold the power to determine normality/abnormality and to define the reality of mental health for marginalized groups.
Willard Walcott Beatty (1891-1961) President of Progressive Education Superintendent of a model school system in Bronxville, NY. Director of Indian Education under John Collier
Woofing an exchange of threats and calls to fight derived from game of ten or the highest form of verbal warfare and impromptu small talk (jokes e.g. your ugly friend had to speak into a glass to get a glass of water)
Facilitate training in self-control on how to manage anger and hostility in the face of ongoing racism.
It allows black people to establish hierarchy without resorting to violence.
Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court case that strengthened the federal status of the tribes and excluded them from state control
Working class (lower middle class) (class) Factory jobs, construction workers, sales representatives
Working Poor (Class) Low-Level-Service-Jobs
Working phase to describe productive group: increased reciprocity and self-exploration, group focuses on behavioral changes (may return to feelings/actions from initial phase)
The world view is made up of our attitudes, values, opinions and concepts and influences how we think, define events, make decisions and behave.
World view of the philosophy of life of culturally diverse clients, how they perceive the world and their place in it; assumptions about the world.
Write record myths, significant events (wars, births, achievements, deaths)

All cultures created hereditary classes for nobles, priests, warriors, artisans, and peasants
Longing/trying to accept our loss but having difficulty letting it go

feel that we hear/see the person

Anger: blaming/attacking others for our loss
Yes, I know, but... ask for suggestions/advice and respond by rejecting the suggestion or advice

Example: LARA keeps asking people what to do with their problem, but always has an explanation why the suggestion doesn't work when someone submits a suggestion.
It must have credibility, which is composed of two dimensions of experience: a function of how much knowledge, training, experience and skills the physicians have in relation to the population to be treated.
ability component

Trustworthiness: includes trust, honesty and authenticity.
motivational component
Z-Scores are... the number of standard deviations above or below the mean

////////////////////////////
International cultural understanding
Kiss, bow and handshake.

"Che" Argentine nickname for all Argentines
'It's not serious' One of the biggest insults an Argentine can make
“Okay” and punching are vulgar, as is shoving your hands in your pockets, raising your voice, or laughing out loud in the open air. Belarusian vulgar gestures
78% Roman Catholic, 8.6% non-religious, 4.6% Lutheran, 2.0% Austrian and devout Muslim
90% Argentina Roman Catholic and religion
🇧🇷 NO Belgian religion or personal life and conversation topics.
Rising anti-globalization sentiment as a result of Argentina's 2001 loan defaults
Avoid spilling wine - there are too many social complexities involved. Also, don't order imported wine unless your host does it first. Argentina at the service of wine
Avoid: Gaucho/Indian clothing, jeans, shorts. Argentina, which should not be used
Be humble about talents and wealth. Belgians talk about talent and wealth
Arrive on time for lunch but at least 30 minutes late for Argentinian dinner if you arrive at lunchtime
Briefly rated Australians by length of performance
Bring slippers for the winter when the overshoes stay outside. Belarusian hospitality and shoes.
Buenos Aires capital of Argentina
Austria important business cards in business cards
Take small souvenirs with you, such as illustrated books from your region of origin. Don't give gifts except for Christmas and to close a deal, but if you do get a gift, you should return it immediately. Open gifts immediately. Austrians in gifts
Belarusian seafood caviar, salmon, sturgeon and shrimp
They enjoy doing business with people they may never meet. Australians doing business with strangers
The confrontation is avoided by Austrian executives in the confrontation
Consensus building and “people skills” are important Austrian leadership styles
Conservative: Blouses and skirts, also at dinner, in black and white or darker colors. Argentina at a modest level
Culture, Culinary, History and Beautiful Landscapes Austrian Dinner Talking Points
Resolved agreements proposed by Australians in negotiation
Do not expect to compete in gift-giving, although some visitors offer expensive gifts Belarus - gift-giving
No unannounced visits Australians on unannounced visits
Don't talk about work at dinner Australians talk about work at dinner
Don't wear your coat in a public building and don't sit on your coat. Leave it in the dressing room Belarus and coats
Don't work late for fear of being seen as a time inefficient Austrian working late
Don't stay within two feet (leave plenty of personal space) of Aussies on personal space during a conversation
Undervaluing knowledge and experience Australian attitudes towards experience
Eating on public transport is considered impolite in Argentina when it comes to eating on public transport
Enchufádos Local Representatives in Argentina - Your first contact, very important and connected, but difficult to dismiss
Executives are relaxed and unhurried; do not respond positively to high-pressure tactics or time-limited opportunities Austrian executives in trading time-limits
Argentine experiential thinking/feeling/religious/relational/consequential
Extended family and significant social group (Catholic, Liberal, or Labor); high Belgian uncertainty aversion rate related to identity and social groups
External structures ensure stability; Score = low anxiety except in cases of Australian deadlines and anxiety
Eye contact and closeness during conversations are important for Argentina in non-verbal conversational cues.
The facts and the humanitarian perspective are strong, with the religion following closely the Belgian argument.
Firm handshake (women are allowed to kiss) at the beginning and end of meetings Aussie greetings
First Belgian social commitment in the first business commitment
Flexible, comfortable with the multitasking flexibility of the Belgians
Flowers (not chrysanthemums, which signify death; not 13; and no red roses, which are for lovers) or chocolates for the host: gifts before (not after) the meal Belgian gifts for hosts
Suitable flowers for a hostess hostesses and Belarusian gifts
Flowers, chocolates, homemade crafts, electronics to use on the trails. Australians' favorite gifts
'Fully Informed, Knowledgeable' Full Bottle Australian
Wardrobe Belarus "Wardrobe"
Gifts are not customary, but gifts are opened immediately and you are not giving anything away with your Belgian corporate gift
You are expected to make gradual concessions on certain issues in Belarus and negotiations
Hands on the table, not on your lap Argentina and Austria hand in hand while eating
Handshake and Argentinian salute for men and women (no close friends)
Have a written report ready at the first meeting Belarus: presentations and reports
Have the business card on a Belgian site and business cards translated into French or Dutch
The high-pressure tactic was strongly resisted; Openness and trust encouraged the Australians in their negotiating style
Hire an Independent Local Lawyer Belarus: Business and Law
Hiring a middle executive as a middleman Belarus: Doing business with a top-level CEO
The host/inviter pays the payer at an Argentine business lunch
Alcoholic beverages or imported iPods; bird of paradise flowers, imported chocolate or whiskey; NO leather or knife, the favorite gift of Argentines
It is inappropriate to introduce yourself to an Austrian stranger when introducing yourself to strangers.
Independent and free spirited; curious, creative, risk-taking Australian attitude towards new ideas
Responsible person for their own Belgian actions in liability
International efforts for peace and protection of culturally important Belgian refugees and important issues
House invitations are common; Accept all invitations and all food offered by Belarusian hospitality
Judging by the reaction to current events and a little conversation about Austrian culture. Introduction to the Austrian trade
Important decisions made by a respected, senior individual in the best interests of the entire group; The litigation requires the approval of the lower bureaucracy as well as Argentina in decision-making
Laws, Regulations, Facts and Company Policies emphasized how Australians feel about the facts.
Time is taken to weigh all options. Length of negotiations in Belgium
Less open to new ideas and risks than other Latin American countries Argentina in terms of new ideas
Lightweight for summer, sweaters and layers for winter (not universal heat), water-resistant during Argentina's carnival with seasonal clothing
Linear handling of data, with scientific facts and a strong social consensus Austrian style of negotiation
Foreign appearance leads to preferential treatment Belarus: Foreign appearance
Islas Malvinas Argentine name for the Malvinas Islands
Australia from March to November (best travel time)
Material gain over humanistic gain Australian over humanistic gain versus material gain
You may be invited to share a table with strangers in a restaurant in Belarus: Restaurants
Men Proud Of Their Drinking Ability Belarus While Drinking
Modest and playful, no Australian exaggeration and emotion in presentation style.
Mainly Roman Catholic Belgian religion
Mr. Belgian titles before German/Dutch names, Monsieur before French names
Music, art, tourism and sport Belarus: great topics of conversation
Na zdo ro vie Belarusian toast "to your health"
Nature, animals, hiking and camping that Austrians love
There are no corporate gifts; small australian dinner gifts about gift time
The strongest socializing force in the Australian nuclear family
Russian word Nyekulturny "just not finished" (culturally unacceptable)
Only one surname, unlike in neighboring countries; address by last name; Two first names can appear, but they cannot both use Argentina in the names
Open to new ideas Belgians to new ideas
Opera and Argentine football as topics of conversation
Organization for all kinds of needs Belgians to help others
Pens, card holders, rock or country and western CDs, illustrated books, fine soaps, American cigarettes, solar calculators, gold or silver jewelry or electronic devices, all the favorite gifts of Belarusians.
Personal relationships Belgians emphasized on personal relationships.
key to personal relationships; more important than corporate Argentina in relationships and business
Pointing and snapping fingers of both hands are rude Belgians with rude gestures.
valuable privacy; "What do you do?" Belgians are very curious about privacy.
Profit rather than market share Australian attitude towards profit
Low disparagements of Argentine humor
Raising two fingers in the air is rude Australian in rude gestures.
Rigid class system Austrian and class system
Australian Hunchback 'an outstanding achievement'
"Excellent, fantastic" Australian Ripper
Book several weeks (or more) lead time from Austrian executives and arrange meetings
Tranches can be renegotiated until the entire (long) contract is signed Argentina on contracts
Managers come later than subordinates; Don't try to "arrive early" when booking Belgian times when booking
Shake hands and say your last name (even with someone of the opposite sex) Belarusian greeting
Shake everyone's hand at the beginning and end of a Belgian business greeting
Shoes must be shined and the best clothes must be worn in Belgian Sunday costume
Ordinary shorts, sometimes even at work; But business attire for executives is an Australian suit and dress with a tie
Slow business negotiations might require multiple trips to Argentina at the business pace
Small talk at the start of meetings is important to Australians at the start of a meeting
Sports; NO personal life (in a business setting) Australian talking points
Stability comes before freedom, with all members of the decision-making unit (primary family unit in this culture) having the responsibility to contribute to the well-being of all and important laws of Belarusian freedom and decisions
Belarusian sto-lyat toast "Hundred years"
Strict separation between work and free time: Don't expect Austrian business people to be invited outside of the office to mix work and free time.
Titles and surnames (not first names) used in names in Austrian addresses
Austrian top health and healthcare
Touching cheeks and kissing Belgians in the air when greeting friends
Argentina tough and inflexible in negotiations
The truth determined by feelings The Belarusian truth
Tucker Australian "Food"
Use china (not plastic) and offer a variety of drinks Belarus - host a potluck
Usually dinner parties, usually in restaurants, rarely at home. Argentina and Austria at a business lunch
See other countries as inferior; Conflicts with neighboring countries make these countries praise Argentina's poor decision over other nations
Belgian award-winning visual stimuli in presentations
Whistle indicates disapproval and should not be done while whistling in a Belarusian building.
As a rule, women do not shake hands with Austrians in a feminine greeting.
They work late, often until 10 p.m. Irregular working hours of Argentine executives

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Civil Rights World War II-1970
"Black Power" A slogan used by Malcolm X, used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness. It meant that equality could not be given but had to be fought for by a powerful and organized black community. Idea formulated by Stokely Carmichael, the belief that black people must defend themselves when attacked. He urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own businesses.
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail", 1963 A letter from Martin Luther King Jr. after his arrest while taking part in a non-violent anti-segregation march. He is disappointed that more Christians are not speaking out against racism. Nonviolent methods of protest are defended
Principle "separate but equal" confirmed in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of public bodies was legal.
"The Pill" gave women more freedom to be sexually active without risking pregnancy; Birth control method that weakened the link between sex and marriage
Affirmative Action An educational admissions or employment policy that provides special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups to overcome the current effects of past discrimination. Improving economic and educational opportunities for women, blacks and other minority groups.
AIM American Indian Movement. demanded more rights for Native Americans and the preservation of their traditions (i.e., the restoration of burial sites, cultures, and Native American pride in their ancestry), use violence to get your point across. He called for a renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence and better education,
American Indian Movement; occupied Wounded Knee to draw attention to the government's mistreatment of Native Americans, including their living conditions and their "trail of broken treaties," as protesters in Washington DC put it.
Betty Friedan 1921-2006. American feminist, activist and author. Best known for sparking the "second wave" of feminism by writing her book, The Feminine Mystique.
Black Panthers A black political organization opposed to peaceful protest and to violence when necessary. The organization marked a shift in black movement politics, favoring militant ideals over peaceful protests. Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed racism was an inherent part of American capitalist society and were self-styled revolutionary militants. by BlackPower.
brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS, 1954 Supreme Court decision reversing Plessy v. Ferguson's segregation policy, declaring that segregated can never be the same, and ordering the integration of all public schools with all deliberate haste a year later
Bus transportation In a civil rights context, the transportation of public school students from the areas in which they live to schools in other areas to abolish schools based on housing patterns.
César Chávez Organized Union of Rural Workers (UFW); Helping migrant farm workers get better wages and working conditions, non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers 1963-1970. Workers organized in California and the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.
Chicano Name for Mexican Americans who made up the majority of US agricultural migrant workers in 1970.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights law, was the first civil rights law passed by the United States Congress since Reconstruction after the American Civil War.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was also a sign of Congressional support for Brown's Supreme Court decisions.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 A federal law authorizing federal action against segregation in public places, public facilities and the workplace. The law was passed at a time of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson convinced many reluctant congressmen to support the law.
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin, and made it a federal crime to “use force or threat of force to injure, intimidate, or disturb any person.” .. race, color, religion, or Nationality".
CORE Congress of Racial Equality: A 1942 racial equality organization founded by James Leonard Farmer, a US civil rights organization that played a key role in the civil rights movement from its inception in 1942 through the mid-1960s open to anyone who believes that "all men are created equal" and ready to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world; associated with the Freedom Riders
De facto segregation Segregation due to economic or social conditions or personal choices.
de jure segregation Legally prescribed racial segregation
Elijah Muhammad leader of the Nation of Islam from 1945 until his death in 1975. He helped many people and was a strong civil rights advocate, but he engaged in some shady activities and fell out of favor with Malcolm X, who later formed his own civil rights group.
ERA Equal Rights Advocates (ERA) is a non-profit women's rights organization founded in 1974. ERA is a legal organization dedicated to protecting and expanding economic and educational access and opportunity for women and girls.
The organization specializes in advocating for the rights of women in minimum wage jobs, women of color and immigrant women. ERA is headquartered in San Francisco and is led by Executive Director Noreen Farrell.
Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School (1957) The President issued Executive Order 10730 and dispatched federal troops to maintain order and enforce school integration. (Little Rock Nine School) - later expanded to other American schools
Freedom Riders, 1961 Civil rights group that conducted bus tours of the Southern States in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; Guides Jim Farmer and Jim Peck
George Wallace 1919-1998. Four-time Governor of Alabama. Best known for its stance on segregation and as a symbol of states' rights.
Grape workers strike begins, 1965 farm workers strike and consumer boycott (banning grapes in supermarkets). They began to worry about Bour Poison again; Chávez begins 36-day hunger strike; he failed to get them to cooperate; He died in 1993 while on a hunger strike for a day or two.
Greensboro sit-ins, the civil rights tactic of the 1960s where blacks sit in separate restaurants until served or cleared. It starts in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the counter of Woolworth's Diner (white diner). Each day they returned with more and more protesters until finally they were answered.
Jackie Robinson The first African American player in Major League Baseball. His actions helped create other opportunities for African Americans. In 1947 he broke the color barrier.
James Meredith was a civil rights activist who instigated a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who didn't want Meredith to enroll in college. The result was coercive government action (Kennedy) showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
Jim Crow Laws Southern laws enforcing segregation of blacks and whites (grandfather clause, poll tax, literacy tests, separate but equal, etc.)
John F. Kennedy Assassinated, November 22, 1963 In Dallas, Texas, Kennedy was shot dead in a motorcade by Lee Harvey Oswald. Many people questioned this fact, believing that Oswald was not acting alone or that it was a government cover-up.
Malcolm X 1952; changed his name to X to denote the loss of his African heritage; converted to the Nation of Islam while in prison in the 1950s and became the most dynamic street speaker and recruiter of black Muslims; Her faith was the basis for much of the Black Power movement, which built on separatist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality.
Assassination of Malcolm X, 1965 Rejecting integration and non-violence, Malcolm breaks with Elijah Muhammad's black Muslims and is later assassinated by them, declaring that blacks must use "any means necessary".
Selma to Montgomery March, 1965 A triple attempt to protest voting rights left many peaceful protesters injured and killed. Directed by M.L.K.
March on Washington, August 1963: 200,000 demonstrators gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to honor Dr. King to speak and celebrate Kennedy's support of the civil rights movement. (Pressing the federal government to pass civil rights legislation)
The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 led many to believe that the era of nonviolence was over.

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American cleric, activist, and prominent leader of the African-American civil rights movement and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, who became known for his promotion of civil rights through civil disobedience. He was murdered on Thursday, April 4, 1968, at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, at the age of 39. King was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. m. that night. James Earl Ray, a fugitive from Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested in London at Heathrow Airport on June 8, 1968, extradited to the United States and charged with the crime. On March 10, 1969, Ray pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in Tennessee State Penitentiary. Ray later made many attempts to retract his guilty plea and stand trial before a jury, but were unsuccessful. He died in prison on April 23, 1998 at the age of 70.
Mississippi Summer Project, 1964 An American campaign launched in June 1964 to try to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which until then had largely excluded black voters.
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King launched a city bus boycott. After 11 months, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public transport was illegal.
Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) A black racist group founded in 1930 by Elijah Muhammad who believed that Allah would create a united black nation against the white man. This group believed that there was no point in working with white people and that it was important to empower black people and make them financially independent, while at the same time highlighting the importance of minimizing interactions with white people and engaging with them believing black nationalism.
The National Defense and Interstate Highway Act (1956), at its passage the largest public works act in United States history, authorized $25 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway, a major contributor to the burgeoning auto culture of the 1950s .
NOW National Organization for Women, 1966, Betty Friedan, first President, wanted the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce its statutory mandate to end sex discrimination
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court case upholding a Louisiana racial segregation statute based on the theory that the equality clause would not be violated so long as housing between racially segregated facilities was equal. The court's decision effectively established the constitutionality of racial segregation and the notion of "separate but equal."
President Dwight D. Eisenhower's farewell address (1961) warned of a "military-industrial complex"
Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent leader of the civil rights movement and founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated, 1968 The assassination of RFK in a Southern California hotel following a speech following a victory in the California Presidential Primary. He had been a front runner in the elections, with the support and sympathy of many hated and discriminated groups angry at his treatment. His main belief was that the Vietnam War was unnecessary and was hurting rather than strengthening the country, and that the money could be better spent helping poor and abandoned Americans in their own country. (June 1968)
deer v. Wade, 1973 A pregnant woman challenged Texas state law that she had a constitutional right to her own body and privacy to legally have an abortion, and the Supreme Court agreed that abortion became legal during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After his arrest, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
The SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) used Christian principles to combat segregation: nonviolent, composed of black preachers and highly influential (also known as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference); Churches unite to inform blacks of changes in MLK-led civil rights movement; advocated passive resistance
sit-in protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who sat in "whites-only" cafeterias and refused to leave until served; In 1960, more than 50,000 took part in protests across the South. Its success led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) – a group formed in 1960 to promote and use nonviolent means to protest racial discrimination; were primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
Stonewall riots, 1969 Riots in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York by members of the gay community against a police raid on a gay bar
sweat v. The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was denied admission to the University of Texas Law School because the Texas state constitution prohibits integrated education. At the time, no law school in Texas admitted blacks. Segregated law school in Texas was viewed as an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.
Published The Feminine Mystique, 1963, written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three; she described the problems facing middle-class American women and the fact that women are not equal with men; said women were prevented from reaching their full human potential
Thurgood Marshall American civil rights attorney, first black judge on the US Supreme Court. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Defended the Brown case against the Board of Education
Title IX, 1972 "No one in the United States shall be disqualified from participation, denied benefit, or subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance."
Truman Prohibited Segregation of the Armed Forces, 1948 Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States armed forces and eventually ended segregation in the services.
US troops deployed in Little Rock, 1957 Protecting Little Nine Black boys who chose to attend a formerly white-only high school in Little Rock, Arkansas; With riots expected and occurring, Eisenhower sent federal protection to this Little Nine. They stayed at the school for the whole school year.
United Farm Workers (UFW), founded 1962. A union founded by César Chávez and others to push for rights and better treatment for migrant workers (the vast majority of whom were Latinos).
Voting Rights Act of 1965 A law created to remove formal and informal barriers to African American voting rights. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans registered under the law, and the number of elected African American officials increased dramatically. It promoted greater social equality and reduced inequality in wealth and education.
Watts Riots, 1965 A large-scale, 6-day riot in the Watts area of ​​Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. Although the riots began in August, there was already a rise in racial tension in the area (which these riots likely fueled). ). )

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Multicultural Concepts 001

Counselor of “Conscience” (Assumptions, Values, Beliefs) you get to know yourself by confronting and working with your own prejudices, feelings, fears and guilt towards others inside and outside your own culture.
Disability is a form of discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities.
Age discrimination based on age.
Racism against racism tends to decrease under these conditions:
having intimate contact with people of color; experience a collaborative environment rather than a competitive one; work towards common goals; interact with others on an equal footing; they see leadership or authority as supporting harmony between groups; to feel a sense of oneness or connectedness with all humanity.
aversive racism manifests itself in individuals who consciously affirm egalitarian values ​​but unconsciously harbor anti-minority sentiments.
prejudice A tendency to believe that some people's ideas are better than others, which usually results in some people being treated unfairly.
Color blindness statements indicating that a white person does not wish to recognize race.
Credibility Constellation of qualities that make certain individuals appear trustworthy, capable, trustworthy, trustworthy, and trustworthy.
Cultural Competence Openly investigating, experiencing and discussing our embodied emotions in relation to race, culture, gender and other socio-demographic differences.
Cultural deprivation due to a lack of cultural background suggests that many groups perform poorly on tests or have deviant characteristics because they lack many of the advantages of middle-class culture.
Cultural Differences The fundamental differences between people stem from nationality, ethnicity and culture; as well as family history and individual experiences.
Cultural encapsulation the replacement of the real world with model stereotypes and the disregard for cultural differences in a dogmatic adherence to a universal notion of truth.
Cultural paranoia is AA's healthy and adaptive response to its historical and contemporary experiences of oppression.
Cultural values ​​are your ideas of what is good, right, just, and right.
The culturally disabled model suggests that the lifestyles and values ​​of people of color make them culturally disadvantaged compared to whites, or render them disabled or disadvantaged.
The culturally diverse model recognizes the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles and encourages differences in the ability of people of color to be bicultural.
Limited culture is tied to the cultural conditioning in which the person was born and raised; includes beliefs, values, circumstances and world views.
Sectarian relativism focuses on culture and how disorder is manifested and dealt with within it.
Discrimination that deprives someone of their freedom or denies them the same privileges/rights that you have because of their race, gender, religion or sexual preference.
CE-ER people feel there is very little that can be done in the face of external server obstacles such as prejudice and discrimination.
EC-IR accepts the dominant culture's definition of responsibility, but has very little real control over how others define it.
Cultural values ​​and emic (culture-specific) worldviews influence the expression and detection of deviant behavior. All theories of human development spring from a cultural content.
Emotional Blocks Strong emotions related to race, gender, sexual orientation that have been kept out of our awareness.
Ethnic identity is part of a person's overall self-image. Ethnic identity development is described as a process of identity construction over time through an individual's experiences and actions.
Ethnocentric monoculturalism is the unequal balance of power or status between groups.
Ethnocentrism, valuing other people's cultures with one's own values.
Ethically (culturally universal) all are equal; The problems are the same in all cultures and societies. Therefore, minimal modifications in diagnosis and treatment are required.
Exoticization occurs when an LGBT, Black or religious minority woman is treated as an alien for the pleasure/entertainment of others.
Ability Demonstrating ability to help...different ability depending on how knowledgeable, able or intelligent the advisor is perceived by others.
External locus of control refers to people's belief that reinforcing events occur independently of their actions and that the future is determined by chance rather than luck.
Genetic Handicap Model This model suggests that people of color are handicapped or inferior to whites and have certain undesirable traits due to biological conditions.
Group Level Identity Each person is born into a cultural matrix of beliefs, values, rules and social practices.
Heritability is a function of the population, not a trait! All individuals have a full spectrum of intelligence.
Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, prejudice, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships.
Historical Stereotypes describes the history between blacks and whites.
Homonegativity encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or toward people who identify or perceive themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.
IC-ER people believe that they are able to shape events in their own lives given the chance.
IC-IR individuals believe that they are masters of their destiny and that their actions affect outcomes.
Individual level of identity first level of tripartite framework....individual uniqueness, genetically we are all unique and we will all have our own individual and unique encounters and life experiences throughout our lives.
Institutional racism a set of accepted policies, priorities, and normative standards designed to violently subjugate, oppress, and enslave individuals and groups in society at large by sanctioning unequal goals, unequal status, and unequal access to goods and services .
Internal locus of control refers to people's belief that reinforcers depend on their own actions and that they can shape their own destiny. Euro-American way.
The internal/external place of responsibility dimension measures the degree of responsibility or blame attributed to the individual or the system.
Interracial/Interethnic Prejudice Racial/ethnic groups experience mistrust, envy, and misunderstanding among one another, and people of color continue to hold beliefs and attitudes toward whites that are very negative, angry, and suspicious.
Interracial/Interethnic Conflicts Each ethnic/racial group has different values, beliefs and behaviors unique to their culture that may conflict with other groups.
Interracial/Interethnic Discrimination Differing values ​​and beliefs between ethnic/racial groups have led to intragroup discrimination.
Invisible veils representing the values ​​and beliefs or worldviews of people operating outside the plane of conscious awareness.
Islamophobia is prejudice, hatred, or fear of Muslims or ethnic groups considered Muslim.
Excluded groups Unequal opportunity groups can be avoided and relegated to the background; The needs of these people are not considered as important as those of other groups.
Microaggression Brief, frequent, everyday verbal or behavioral humiliation, whether intentional or unintentional, that conveys hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slurs and slurs that may have harmful or uncomfortable psychological effects on the target individual or group.
Micro-attack Type of flagrant, verbal, non-verbal, micro-aggression or environmental attack designed to convey biased and discriminatory feelings.
Micro-insult A type of micro-aggression that is unintentional behavior or verbal comments that convey rudeness, insensitivity, or disparage the race, gender, or identity of a person with a sexual orientation.
Micro-invalidation Type of micro-aggression, which are verbal comments or behaviors that unintentionally and usually outside of the person's awareness exclude, deny, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target audience.
Multicultural counseling is simply counseling patients, but with respect to their cultural beliefs and the impact this can have on their care."
Multicultural counseling and therapy a facilitating role and process that uses modalities and sets goals consistent with clients' life experiences and cultural values; Recognizes individual, group, and universal dimensions and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
Multiculturalism deals with real-world human experiences, and so understanding your emotional responses is just as important on the path to cultural literacy.
Paranorm means that a minority's suspicion and distrust of white society is normal behavior.
keep calm, cover up feelings so as not to offend white people
Powerless expectation that a person's behavior cannot determine the outcome or reinforcement sought.
Bias An unfair feeling or dislike towards a person or group because of their race, gender, religion, or sexual preference.
Racial identity is a superficial manifestation based on how we look, but it has a deep impact on the way we are treated. a sense of group or collective identity based on the perception that he or she shares a common heritage with a particular racial group.
Racism is the belief that other groups are intellectually, psychologically, or physically inferior.
Religious discrimination is the different evaluation or treatment of an individual or group based on what they believe or do not believe.
Scientific racism the use of scientific techniques and hypotheses to support or justify beliefs in racism, racial inferiority or racial superiority, or alternatively the practice of categorizing individuals with different phenotypes into different races.
Second-class citizens exist when a member of the target group experiences differential treatment from the power group.
Sexism Discrimination by members of one sex against another, also known as sexist bias.
Sexual objectification occurs when women are treated as objects available to men.
Social Justice Counseling an active philosophy and approach aimed at creating conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity; Reducing or eliminating inequalities in education, health, employment, etc.
Stereotype Threatens a difficult situation where individuals risk confirming negative stereotypes about their group.
Subtle sexism Unequal treatment and injustice in the treatment of women, which many people do not recognize because it is perceived as normative and therefore does not seem unusual.
Transphobia is a set of antagonistic attitudes and feelings towards transsexuality and transsexual or transgender people based on the expression of their internal gender identity.
Reliability a motivational variable...includes factors such as sincerity, directness, honesty, and perceived lack of motivation for personal gain.
Uncle Tom Syndrome is used by minorities to appear docile, unassertive, and happy and fortunate to escape oppression from white populace.
Accidental racism without realizing the harmful consequences of their behavior.
Universal Level of Identity We all have things in common. Our "universal" similarities are biological and physical similarities: shared life experiences like birth, death, love.
White Privilege Invisible backpack of unearned assets that can be used to collect benefits every day, not given to those who don't fit this scheme.
The world view is made up of our attitudes, values, opinions and concepts and influences how we think, define events, make decisions and behave.
World view of the philosophy of life of culturally diverse clients, how they perceive the world and their place in it; assumptions about the world.

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school counselor

(Frank) Parsons Known as the "Father of Career Guidance"; its structure became the basis of the trait/factor theory of career development
(Gestalt) Other sources of unfinished business are avoidance, guilt, anger, sadness, and other unresolved issues.
(John) Holland His "Vocational Choice Theory" is used to understand personality, identify tasks that people enjoy and do well, and is often used in careers guidance.
(John) Holland The Strong Interest Inventory (SII), the Career Assessment Inventory (CAI), and the Career Options Exploration (ECO) are evaluation measures used in this person's theory.
(John) Holland This theorist is the big name associated with trait and factory theory.
A-B-C actual event, belief system, consequences
Adlerian Therapy Birth order is considered very important.
Adlerian Therapy Psychosocial Learning about attitude to the main purpose of life is to face the basic fallacies and assumptions that CLT has and to try to reverse them
Adlerian therapy theory, also called “individual psychology”.
Adlerian therapy theory using the term "fictitious finalism".
Albert Ellis Rational Emotiva Therapy: Focuses on changing the client's irrational thought patterns to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions.
Artistic According to Holland's theory, someone with this personality type creates art forms to deal with the environment; prefer careers in music, literature, theater and art
accept person-centred therapy and have inner resources to work towards wholeness and self-realization and be able to move constructively on their own
Autonomy versus shame and doubt 18-30 months: Can the child demonstrate some level of independence?
Basic trust vs. basic distrust from birth to 18 months: Are nutritional and care needs met?
Behavioral theory Lazarus, Bandura, Wolpe, Kazdin
Behavior therapy theory addressing the importance of the ABC model.
Behavior therapy uses techniques such as systematic desensitization, relaxation, training, flooding, and in vivo exposure.
Behavior therapy focuses on learning, monitoring, and positive and negative reinforcement.
Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging illogical thinking.
Cognitive behavioral therapy theory emphasizing the importance of self-talk and self-talk.
Cognitive behavioral therapy clients explore the reasons for their behavior and seek to understand the effects of that behavior.
cognitive behavioral therapists Ellis, Beck, Meichenbaum
Freud's theory contributes to the first theory, a framework for exploring a person's history and resolving resistance to therapy.
Conventional In Holland's theory, someone with this personality type chooses goals and activities based on social approval; Prefer careers in business that involve administrative and computing tasks.
Directory information for FERPA may not include race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, SSN, SID
Dream Analysis A psychoanalytic technique that requires clients to share a dream and then freely associate the parts and symbols of the dream.
I-mediator
Ego integrity versus despair in adult life: someone has lived a contented life
High Achievers In Holland's theory, someone with this personality type is described as adventurous, dominant, enthusiastic, and impulsive in dealing with the environment; prefer careers that involve managerial or supervisory roles
Erikson developed eight "phases of life" in his psychosocial theory.
Existenztherapeut Frankl, Yalom, May
Fair Information Practices A set of principles governing the collection and use of information about individuals developed and regulated by the US Department of Health and Wellness Education, the precursor to FERPA.
Family Systems Therapy Focuses on family interactions, dynamics and patterns.
Famous Existential Therapists Frankl, Yalom, May
Feminist therapy emphasizes the belief that “the personal is political, the counseling relationship is equal, women's voices are honored and valued.
FERPA is a federal law that governs the management of student records and the disclosure of information from those records
Feeding and protection #1
Founder of the Gestalt theory Frederick Perls with the Polsters
Founder of Carl Rogers' Person Centered Therapy
Founder of Glasser's theory of reality
Free Association A psychoanalytic technique in which patients spontaneously report whatever thoughts, feelings, and mental images come to mind.
Generativity versus Stagnation Maturity is achieved, establishing and guiding the next generation and embracing their dreams and achievements
Gestalt theory says that the most common cause of unfinished business is resentment.
Gestalt theory emphasizes the here and now, the what and how of behavior, the unfinished part of the past preventing the mind from functioning in the present.
Gestalt therapy focuses on "denied parts of the personality and uses terms such as introjection, projection, and retroflexion".
Gestalt therapy theory emphasizing “best and worst technique.”
Glasser The founder of the theory of reality.
The goal of person-centered therapy is to create an atmosphere of safety and trust by allowing the client to use this relationship to become aware of what is blocking growth and eventually transfer that awareness to other relationships and live in the immediate moment.
Identification of the pleasure principle
Identity vs. Role Confusion Youth - searching for identity, formulating own values, beliefs and lifestyle, experimenting with different types
in loco parentis "in place of the parents". In the 1960s, post-secondary schools were seen as anxious to make decisions for the students rather than the parents.
Industry vs. primary and secondary inferiority - child is curious and needs to explore and manipulate the environment, competition occurs through achievement, is aware of interaction, school and neighborhood, is the child suitable?
Initiative vs. Guilt 2 1/2 to 5 years - child begins to develop imagination and learns and enjoys playing adult roles, begins to realize that restraint is necessary
Intimacy versus isolation young adult who is willing to be open about himself and committed to a close personal relationship
Investigators In Holland's theory, someone with this personality type uses their intellect to deal with their surroundings; He prefers careers in science and mathematics.
Adlerian Theory Primary Lifestyle Assessment Tool, CLT Questionnaire on Family, Memories, Dreams, and Self-concepts, Explores Birth Order and Interaction
Limitations of person-centered therapy clr lacks genuine empathy, clr strives to solve problems rather than understanding the problem, clr does not present himself appropriately, clr uses stereotypes, clr does not believe clt can change behavior, is not effective in crisis
Limitations Freud's theory Prolonged training, long duration of therapy, unrecognized importance of action, not measurable, does not take into account social, cultural and interpersonal variables, cannot be used in crisis counseling
Limitations of Adler's Theory Inability to validate concepts, oversimplification of complex human functioning
Limits of behavioral theory Success depends on ability to control environmental factors, danger of imposing compliant behavior, does not address philosophical questions, may be oriented towards personal goals, past may not be considered important
Limitations of CBT Reasons for irrational beliefs are not examined, low-intelligent clients may not understand dialogues, clr can impose personal opinions, emotional issues are not examined
Limitations of gestalt therapy little theoretical basis, ignores cognitive factors, clr can direct therapy, lack of research
Limitations of reality theory Does not consider feelings, the unconscious and the past Does not consider the influence of culture and environment Does not consider the origins of behavior Lack of research to determine effectiveness
Love and belonging #3
The main goal of behavioral theory is to eliminate learned negative behavior; the goals must be specific, concrete, with specific problems,
Storytelling Therapy Emphasizes the role of stories, authorship and the importance of language.
Person-Centered Therapy Emphasizes authenticity, congruence, and unconditional positive regard.
Person-centered therapy theory that emphasizes unconditional positive regard.
Prior Written Consent Authorizing a registrar to disclose personally identifiable information from a student's educational record.
Privacy Act of 1974 Code of Fair Information Practices, which governs personal information about individuals held by federal agencies in record systems
Psychoanalytic Freud, Erikson, Jung
psychoanalytic theory reconstructs personality rather than solving immediate problems; Focus on the past and analyze aspects of the unconscious that are manifesting in present behavior
Psychoanalytic theory Reconstruction of personality rather than solving immediate problems; Focus on the past and analyze the aspects of the unconscious that are manifesting in present behavior.
Psychoanalytic therapists Freud, Erikson, Jung
Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on unconscious impulses and impulses.
Theory of psychoanalytic therapy emphasizing "transference and countertransference".
Theory of psychoanalytic therapy relating to several phases (oral, anal, phallic and latency).
The theory of psychoanalytic therapy that proposes three structures related to personality: the id, the ego and the superego.
Realistic In Holland's theory, someone with this personality type is described as being objective, concrete, and physically manipulative in dealing with their environment. They prefer agricultural, technical and engineering professions.
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional The acronym RIASEC in the Dutch model represents these six personality types
Reality theory assumes that we are responsible for our lives, we choose our behaviors and these behaviors are aimed at increasing self-esteem, strengthening belonging and gaining power and freedom
reality theory tries to explain why and how people behave from the point of view of their inner subjective perception of their world,
Reality therapy emphasizes five genetically coded needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun... focuses on choices.
role of clt in behavioral theory clarify the problem, verbalize the consequences, model clt to formulate alternative outcomes
Security and Protection #2
Self Worth #4
Self-realization #5
Social In Holland's theory, someone with this type of personality uses skills to relate and interact with others to cope with the environment; Career preferences are typically educational, therapeutic, and religious.
oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages of psychosexual development
Superego Morality/Perfection
Techniques that can be used with behavioral relaxation, reinforcement, modeling, assertiveness training, multimodal therapy, self-management programs
The exception to prior written consent to view FERPA-protected educational records is? Whether a school official has a legitimate interest in education.
the role of the therapist in adler's therapy a guide, the responsibility lies with the client a contract can be concluded
Trait and Factor This theory focuses on individuals developing things like values, personalities, and skills, and then choosing an environment that matches them.
What are "Educational Records" under FERPA? Records directly related to the student and maintained by a party acting on behalf of the agency or institution and all representatives include faculty, staff and administrators who keep or maintain records.
What are FERPA-protected "records"? Any RECORDED information in any form including but not limited to handwritten, printed, computer media, tape, film.
What are the 6 exceptions to FERPA educational records? Peer review of individual tenure, law enforcement, employment, medical, alumni, and work records BEFORE they are recorded.
What is "Common Orientation"? Privacy Applicability of a Student's Health Records Maintained by Educational Institutions ARE CONSIDERED "Educational Records" covered by FERPA.
What is "Personal Information" under FERPA? All records containing identifiable information that can be used to determine a student's identity (e.g., name, address, social security number, etc.)
who developed 8 stages of life in his psychosocial theory by Erikson

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when cultures collide
Bushido "way of the warrior". Code of conduct for Japanese samurai warriors emphasizing bravery, loyalty and honor.
Chivalry The sum of the ideal qualifications for a knight, including courtesy, generosity, courage, and skill in arms.
Public service system Practice of hiring public servants through public competition and merit.
Crusades All military expeditions undertaken by Christians in Europe in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries to retake the Holy Land from Muslim hands.
Cultural Diffusion The expansion and adoption of a cultural element from its place of origin into a larger area.
Dynasty A succession of powerful leaders from the same family.
Feudalism A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands rightfully belonging to their king in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
Give examples showing that there was a Golden Age during the Gupta Dynasty. -Number system based on ten
-Decimal system
-use zero first
-Vaccination
Give examples that show that there was a Golden Age during the Muslim Empire. -Arabic numbers
- Advanced in algebra and geometry
-invented the astrolabe
-Compass
-Discovered the path of blood (Through the body?)
- Concept of zero
Give examples that show that there was a Golden Age during the Tang Dynasty. - block printing
-Mobile Type
- Gunpowder
- Mechanical watch
Golden Age A period during which a society achieves prosperity and cultural achievements.
Gothic An architectural style developed in northern France that spread across Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries.
How did Byzantine culture influence Russian culture? -Architecture
-Eastern Orthodox Church
-Alphabet
How has Muslim culture influenced Spain? - Muslim merchants and sailors helped spread it.
How did the Catholic Church unite Western Europe? They preserved knowledge, built schools, advised kings, inspired art...
How did the Chinese influence Japanese culture? - Written form, literature and architecture
-Calendar
- System of public service
How have the Chinese influenced Korean culture? - block printing
-Public service system
How did the Guptas influence the Arabs? Arabs used 1-9
Justinian's Code A set of laws written by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who served the Byzantine Empire for centuries.
knight A mounted warrior.
Agrarian reform Dismemberment of large agricultural estates for redistribution among the peasants.
Seigneurialism Economic system in the Middle Ages centered around self-sufficient agricultural estates in which lords and peasants shared the land.
Middle Ages Another name for the Middle Ages.
Middle Ages, or Middle Ages, lasted from the 5th to the 15th centuries.
Minaret tower connected to a mosque from which the call to prayer is made.
Romanesque church architecture with round arches, cupolas, thick walls and small windows.
Samurai A class of warriors in feudal Japan who swore allegiance to a nobleman in exchange for land.
Serf A person who belongs to the land and property of the feudal lord.
Shogun A general who ruled Japan on behalf of the Emperor.
vassal A lord given land in exchange for service and loyalty to an older lord.
What factors led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire? Defeated by the Ottoman Turks.
What factors led to the end of the Gupta Empire? -Emperors lost power
- The sovereigns were given increasing autonomy
- Many declared their independence and refused to pay taxes
- The government has had trouble raising enough taxpayers' money to fund its extremely complex bureaucracy
-Permanent invaders (Huns)
What was the difference between Gothic and Romanesque architecture? Romanesque: thick walls, curved arches, small windows
Gothic: stained glass windows, pointed arches, many windows, flying buttocks (female buttocks)
What was the purpose of a castle? How can you tell the purpose of a castle by the way it was built? This is by far the dumbest thing I've ever seen on an evaluation sheet.
What were the Byzantine achievements? -Preservation of Roman and Greek culture
-Cultural Diffusion
-Art/Architecture
What were the similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? What were the differences? Similarities:
-Power in the class structure
- Rigid social structure
- earth-based energy
- Warriors had a code of conduct.

Differences:
The European serfs, the monarchy, the church held political power.
Japanese: not tied to the country, shogun rulers, monks had no power.
Where did Islam spread? How did Islam spread? Spain, North Africa and Turkey. It spread through conquest and trade.
Where was the Byzantine Empire? It includes North Africa, Southern Iberia, the Italian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia, Egypt and the Levant. The center of the empire was the city of Constantinople.
Which empires preserved Greek and Roman knowledge? Byzantines and Muslims
Who defeated the Muslims? mongolians
Why was the location of Constantinople important? Central location for shopping.
Why were the Crusades important? It led to trade between Muslims and Western Europe.

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MULTICULTURAL PHYSIOLOGY
Multicultural Psychology the study of understanding the human condition through examining the similarities/differences between people of different cultures and learning to live peacefully with one another.
Muller-Lyer illusion (cultural differences) Lines of exactly the same length, the line on the left appears longer than the line on the right due to the different angles of the short lines exiting at the ends.

Our cultural experiences influence how much we experience this illusion.
(1) Cultures that have many types of right-angle woodpecker roosts experience this illusion much more than cultures without right-angle woodpecker roosts

Culture affects our values, traditions and behaviors, but culture also affects something as fundamental as our visual perception!
Metaculture caused by basic biological limitations
Ethics, what all people have in common
The culture was a reminder of how the physical environment limits biological abilities

Example: We may have the biological ability to have children, but the environment in which we live prevents us from having many children
Emics how and why culture makes us different
Cultural practices of the Inherited Culture that have nothing (or no longer) to do with survival and reproduction

Example: The fashion industry can encourage baggy, baggy clothing; Even if we don't need it to survive, our culture still participates because we don't want to feel left out.
Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung) Part of the mind deep in the unconscious that stores ideas and memories common to all humans throughout history
Archetypes (Carl Jung) form the basis of many ideas, thoughts, motivations and emotional experiences that all humans share; recurring images/symbols representing aspects of our collective unconscious
The five great universal concepts (E, ES, OE, A, C) for understanding the psychological characteristics of individuals

Evolutionary Psychologists: This universally human trait of using these specific concepts to understand our social world is biological in nature (innate mechanism that helps us adapt effectively to the social world).

It is used to distinguish people, select friends or colleagues, or rate people who may threaten us

Trends can have a genetic basis
Social groups/social hierarchies all civilizations - primitive Stone Age culture type

Cultivation of wild plants, formation of villages, population growth
The religions of art and religion produced priests/rulers - social powers of the gods

Pottery, plant fibers woven into fabric from wool, domesticated animals for food/transportation

Shaped metal tools/ornaments
Write record myths, significant events (wars, births, achievements, deaths)

All cultures created hereditary classes for nobles, priests, warriors, artisans, and peasants
Religious/Powerful Figures Religious figures have allied themselves with those in power; They became rulers of their own lives in lavish temples (ornate artworks/ornate tombs)

formed coalitions with other powerful individuals to dominate the masses and conquer new territories in search of wealth
Material possessions such as symbols of power, works of art, and jewelry.

*This suggests that no matter where we come from, we all share a common history
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
Greeting form of physical contact and gesture of intimacy in all cultures.

Closer the relationship = more contact
Dilated eye pupils are most commonly perceived as a positive reaction to others.

closed eyes - universal sign of disgust and rejection
Mouth showing tongue/spitting = contempt/rejection

Bare teeth/pull down corners of mouth = sign of threat/contempt

Licking lips = sign of appetite, social or otherwise
Smile universal sign of joy, love and acceptance.
Information level of human interaction Information exchange through the direct meaning of actually spoken words
Relational level of human interaction that defines the nature of the relationship (animals too)

Part of the communication that takes place "between the lines".

used to understand/discover how much we trust each other

It is at this level that the giving/receiving of energy takes place.
Giving energy by satisfying other people's wants/needs
Receive energy when others fulfill our wants/needs
Taking energy when we REQUIRE others to satisfy our wants/needs
Steal energy by taking more than you give back
Patterns of interpersonal behavior Patterns of interpersonal behavior
Overcoming by making the other person feel inadequate by claiming that we are better than the other person

Example: HAMID brags to Diego that his father's truck has twice as much horsepower as Diego's father's truck
High maintenance / high expectations that overwhelm others

Ex: TEAGAN keeps telling her boyfriend what she wants from him and what not to do
Questions/criticism that makes others seem incapable of being critical

Ex: Even though she knows her sister failed the biology test, KELSEY keeps asking her sister, "And how did you do on the biology test?"
Intimidation/anger that makes others afraid of themselves by intimidating and/or expressing anger

Example: DAVID has a habit of losing his temper when others don't do what he wants.
Self-pity/guilt that causes others to feel sorry for themselves or guilty for not being compassionate

Ex: TIMOTEO always gets his friends to do things for him and constantly reminds them that he has a serious illness.
Passive aggression does things primarily to elicit an emotional response from another person.

Example: TARYN always leaves the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink because she knows it bothers her roommate.
Detachment/Charisma by getting others interested in you by providing information

Example: Although he rarely says anything, HENRIK always seems to have something on his mind.
Buttering Up (the boss) gets people to do things we don't want them to do by telling them they can do better

Example: SANDRA asks her friend Lauren to bring her dress back to the store for her money because she is not good at doing such things.
Yes, I know, but... ask for suggestions/advice and respond by rejecting the suggestion or advice

Example: LARA keeps asking people what to do with their problem, but always has an explanation why the suggestion doesn't work when someone submits a suggestion.
Chainchatting talks continuously without listening to others
Avoid avoiding others who can steal our energy; not to steal energy, but to protect energy

Example: MARKUS stays away from Parker because he always talks about himself and never listens
Scripts of cognitive representations of socially acceptable behaviors in specific situations

Example: you give your excellent waiter a generous tip; You don't shine your shoes.
Framework directive that connects the spectrum of things to look out for in a given situation

Example: Number coding exercise Toru did in class
Inner conflict model fear = differentiation result

My desires versus what is, is happening or could happen

Take control to grant desires Or let go of my desires and accept whatever happens
2 ways to reduce fear so that our desires win, what has happened, is or can happen

letting go of our desires, accepting what has happened, what is happening or what could happen
Correspondence between internal/external conflicts Internal – our desires collide with the conflicts of others

External – others represent what happened, is, or could happen
Positive Arousal/Negative Anxiety: What has happened, is happening, or could happen is overcoming desires

Excitement: conquering desires about what has happened, is, or could happen
Pessimism compares what has happened, is, or could happen to something better they want

Example: "I wish I had more money"
Optimists think through their inner conflicts in such a way that they feel their desire wins over what has happened, is happening, or could happen.

Ex: Instead of wishing they were thinner, they think, "I'm glad I'm in good health."
Bottom-up counterfactuals help drive improvements and make us feel negative

*how we motivate ourselves to make improvements
Top-down counterfactuals help us be excited, positive, and grateful.

*Optimistic people are good at using both counterfactuals!

Example: When they want to change for the better, they think about "how things can get better" U.C. and imagine how things will be after you leave D.C.

*Remember also the example of the medalists
Incongruity (Carl Rogers) states that anxiety, discomfort, or dissatisfaction occurs when our concept of self is inconsistent with our experiences.
Self-concept and experience My desires and experiences correspond to what happened, is or can happen
Congruence, when our desires and experiences unite
Process of full functioning Process of transition from a state of incongruence to a state of congruence; a never-ending process as we are never entirely free from internal conflicts
Forgiveness Letting go of what we wanted someone to do OR not do (our desires)

When we let go of our desires, we can forgive
The Five Stages of Death and Dying (Kubler-Ross) apply to any painful experience that requires giving up our desires.
Denial unable to accept the situation (dying)
Anger, blaming others and envy of others
Negotiate negotiate a way out of death
Depression before acceptance (often crying)
Reactive depression occurs early in the stage; We lose hope and begin to feel that there is nothing we can do to avoid our fate
The priming depression occurs later in the stage; Depression focuses on the fact that we will no longer be with our loved ones
Calm, peaceful acceptance and acceptance of death.
Bowlby's Theory of Grief Similar process when we lose someone important to us
stunning shock; refuse to accept the experience; numb us to our loss
Longing/trying to accept our loss but having difficulty letting it go

feel that we hear/see the person

Anger: blaming/attacking others for our loss
disorganization / despair at the limit; fall into a state of chaos/mental disorder

the fear experienced forces us to recognize/adapt to the new situation

*Wish
ability to reorganize to get on with our lives; redefine us/our social roles
The meaning of crying allows us to let go of our desires and resolve our inner conflicts.
Psychological Strokes (Eric Berne) physical contact for babies

getting old = caresses are replaced by attention/respect (symbolic representation of received physical caresses)

* Lack of psychological punches - leads to insecurities
Mary Ainsworth (attachment theory) The way a caregiver interacts with a child affects the child's emotional development.
The securely attached baby is emotionally stable; responsive/attentive caregiver
attachment insecure anxious ambivalent/anxious resistant Baby is very emotionally unstable and demands too much attention (steals energy); The caregiver responds primarily to negative behaviors and conflicting responses
insecure attachment anxious avoidant infant does not respond/evades (even to caregivers); indifferent OR overly controlling caring
The infant with disorganized/disoriented attachment is unresponsive/unpredictable; abusive caretaker; The most insecure form of attachment
Hazan and Shaver: Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships Our attachment styles formed early in life influence our behavioral patterns later in life (especially with romantic partners).
Secure attachment stable trusting relationships
Anxious, ambivalent/resistant, possessive, and suspicious attachment to partner; steal energy
Anxious avoidant attachment avoids partners and problems when anxious; Avoid others to protect energy
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Extreme inner conflicts paralyze us; Difficulty forming close and meaningful relationships with others because of your unpredictable behavioral patterns
Margaret Mahler - Interactional Synchrony caregivers must interact with the baby carefully and lovingly; Caregiver/child feels a deep sense of unity with one another
Carl Rogers - Unconditional Positive Regard: An environment where we feel loved, accepted and respected simply for being who we are, regardless of who we are or how we feel.
Karen Horney- Parental indifference as a fundamental evil creates feelings of fear and insecurity (and sometimes even hostility) that can become the cause of long-term emotional instability.
Diana Baumrind- Parenting styles/effects on the children's level of acceptance (the caregiver gives - space) and the control/demand level (the caregiver takes - contact)
Authoritative parenting respects the child's thoughts/feelings, but also expresses their own wants/needs in a respectful way.

warm/tender, but gives orientation

Child feels secure/emotionally stable
Overly controlling, demanding, domineering, and restrictive authoritarian upbringing; shows little regard for the child's thoughts/feelings

the child tries desperately to protect/replenish their energy; the child steals energy from their peers/siblings
The permissive/forgiving parental caregiver suppresses their own wants/needs and allows the child to do as they please; Accepts what the child is doing but gives little guidance (gives energy but doesn't take much away)

Children feel alienated/have poor communication skills; stealing energy to avoid alienation; can fall out of communication, become elusive
Neglect/involved parenting consistently neglects important needs/desires of the child; the child receives little care/attention; end up feeling abandoned/unworthy of love/respect

Children steal energy or stop communicating altogether/become evasive
Children who blame themselves blame themselves when caregivers steal energy; The child is very insecure
Development of low self-esteem when basic needs are not being met and others are stealing too much energy/feeling drained

develop insecurities
Alfred Adler- sense of inferiority of helplessness and inferiority; form the basis of personality

leading us to do many of the same things that our insecurities lead us to do; both cause us to be internally conflicted and both contribute to our experience of anxiety
Anna Freud - Defense Mechanisms We all use denial, repression, rationalization, reaction formation, and projection to reduce our anxiety.
Carl Rogers - Defense Denial Process, Distortions are ways to reduce our anxiety levels.

consume energy/leave us less energy that can be used for other purposes

preliminary corrections; reduces our ability to deal with stress in other aspects of life (leaving us with internal conflicts at an unconscious level)
fear reactions fear reactions
Stealing Energy People who are less powerful than us (family, friends, schoolmates, co-workers, neighbors, total strangers) steal energy
Avoid others when anxious and more socially powerful people sap our energy, so we tend to avoid them; We prevent our energy from being stolen
Fear of self-actualization caused by insecurities is a great motivator for achievement; it allows us to earn the respect of others; enables us to assume positions of power in society
Form/join groups Form groups with people who have similar insecurities/desires; so we feel safer
Letting go allows us to unresistingly accept what has happened, what has happened, or what has happened, and to resolve our inner conflict.
Social power relative to energy plus social power = less other people can steal energy from us and more we can steal energy from them

more insecure = more we long for social power
Letting go of desires - Maturity social, moral and emotional development in life = Overcoming our insecurities by letting go of desires

Development = more we see things as "we" instead of "me vs you" or "us vs them"

deeper unity we feel with a variety of people
Ocean analogy: Giving energy by pushing others up or allowing others to push us down
Ocean analogy: receiving energy from others that takes us up
Ocean analogy: taking energy by depressing others
Thick skin makes the air (energy)/water (lack of energy) flow in/out of the person less freely; makes the person heavier and sinks deeper

short-term - protects us from energy loss

long term - makes us lose energy

when you feel anxious and strange
Thin shells allow the air (energy)/water (lack of energy) to flow in/out of the person more freely; brightens the person and rises to the surface

when you feel relaxed and at ease
Interpersonal and group unit thinking "we" instead of "you versus me"

doing things that suit our desires = both feel energized (shared energy)

Taking or receiving energy from others
Fritz Heider – Equilibrium Theory Two people like (or want) the same thing = most likely like each other OR people who like each other but have no common desires = change their minds so that they both end up liking the same thing

People who initially dislike each other end up finding something in common (e.g. a common enemy)
Social Identity Theory and Different Levels of Group Identity Some groups are much larger and inclusive of others, while some other groups partially overlap

the more we share energy = importance of the group
Henri Tajfel - Minimal Group Paradigm Group identification (the combining of desires) is a natural human tendency; It happens even with the most insignificant factors

more important the group = bias within the group
Marilynn Brewer - Optimal Discrimination Theory We all tend to identify with certain groups, but we also need to feel that our groups are unique and different from others.

wants to be like some people (coincidence of desires), but also feels different from others

feeling energized by connecting with members of one's own group OR receiving energy from members of the external group
John Berry: Ethnic Identity Model focuses on how people belonging to ethnic minorities fit into society as members of minority groups.
Bicultural minorities identify with both the majority culture and their own minority culture.
Assimilated, we identify with the majority culture without identifying much with the subculture of the minorities themselves.
Individual minorities identify with their own minority subculture, but not with the majority culture
Marginal phenomena that we identify neither with the majority culture nor with our own minority subculture
Maki and Kitano's Asian American identity model is similar to Berry's
Type A individuals identify with broader American culture without identifying strongly with Asian culture.
Asian American Type Bs identify with both American and Asian cultures.
Type C Asian Americans identify more with their own culture than with American culture
Type D Asian Americans do not identify with their own culture or with American culture
Exchange relationships give and receive energy equally
Community relationships form groups and share energy with others.
Complete transcendence and limitations in our mind with no inner conflicts; without wishes

fully concentrated; I'm not worried about anything

identify with everything and everyone!

We don't need energy from the world around us because there is ALWAYS energy around us!
Totally complete transcendence realizes that there is no "I".

there is nothing to identify with; nothing to be in harmony; nothing to interact with

accept everything that is lived and let everything/everyone be as he/she is

nothing matters! everything is just "is"
Nirvana is samsara, present existence is enlightenment itself; You don't have to do anything to get there

we don't have to be different than we are

just be"

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sexual harassment
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Anti-Feminine Mood Negative feelings toward women and/or their ability to perform jobs or roles, usually manifested in negative language and actions.
Physical Injury Deliberately instilling fear or apprehension in the victim, or both, through direct physical contact is not permitted
Drums Deliberate body touching is not allowed
Compensation: Sexual Harassment Claims Up to $300,000 in compensation, punishment, and unlimited medical care, and you can seek a jury trial.
EEOC Policy Guidance on Harassment Provides information on how credibility determinations should be made, including inherent plausibility, conduct, motive for forgery, acknowledgment, and history.
Ellerth/Farragher Defense A positive defense in which the employer can demonstrate that it has an adequate sexual harassment policy in place to prevent and combat sexual harassment and that the harassed employee did not use it inappropriately. This defense can only be used if there is no concrete work claim.
Ellison v. Brady A case in which the court adopted an appropriate women's standard to review whether the harasser's behavior was sufficiently serious and pervasive to create a hostile work environment.
Employer Liability: Harassment by a Colleague or Other The employer is liable if he knows or should have known of the actions of the harasser and fails to take immediate corrective action.
Employer Liability: No Specific Workplace Complaint If there is no specific action such as termination, but a supervisor creates a severe and/or widespread hostile environment that harms the harassed employee, the employer is not generally liable.
Employer Liability: Material Work Acts The employer bears strict liability for the material acts of his manager, whether authorized or prohibited, and regardless of whether the employer knew or should have known of their occurrence.
False arrest Deliberately preventing the subject from leaving a confined space
Harris v. Forklift Systems The United States Supreme Court ruled that allegations of sexual harassment do not require evidence of serious psychological injury to be prosecuted as long as the environment is reasonably perceived as hostile or abusive.
Sexual Harassment in a Hostile Environment Sexual harassment where the harasser creates an abusive, abusive, or intimidating environment for the victim.
Tips for Harsh Environments 1) It can happen electronically
2) No sexual element required
3) Have a well-applied labor policy
inflicting emotional distress A willful outrageous act that goes beyond the limits of good morals and is remedied by law
Interference with contractual relationships Deliberately causing the harassed person to violate the agreed employment contract
Love Contracts A typical countermeasure to sexual harassment allegations, typical of CEOs and senior company officials, is that the relationship is voluntary, that the parties will apply the company's sexual harassment policy if a problem arises, and acknowledge the existence of the Relationship. Politics.
Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson The first sexual harassment case to go before the Supreme Court
Prima Face Case: Sexual Harassment in a Hostile Environment 1) Unwanted.
2) By gender
3) Serious or pervasive enough to create an abusive work environment
4) Affects a condition, condition or employment privilege
5) The employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the sexually hostile work environment and failed to take immediate or adequate corrective action.
Prima Facie Case: Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment 1) Employment benefits promised, granted, or denied to the victim by the harasser
2) In exchange for sexual activity
Sexual harassment in return Sexual harassment where the harasser solicits sexual activity from the harassed in exchange for workplace benefits.
Standard of a Reasonable Person Looking at bullying activities from the perspective of a reasonable person in society in general, usually male
Appropriate Victim Pattern Consider bullying activity from the perspective of a reasonable person B KIBJKrson experiencing the bullying activity, including gender, sociological, cultural, and other factors.
Serious and/or Pervasive Activity Harassing activity that is more than an occasional act or is serious enough to constitute grounds for liability.
Sexual harassment occurs when sexual advances or activities directed at an employee are undesirable and impose different terms or conditions for one gender than another.
Civil Liability Claims: Sexual Harassment 1) Personal Injury
2) Battery
3) fake jail
4) Interference with contractual relationships
5) Imposition of Emotional SufferingB b

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Conflict A process in which one party believes that its interests are being challenged or adversely affected by another party.
3 Ways Conflict Can Affect Job Performance 1) Stressful, saps personal energy
2) discourages people from sharing resources and coordinating
3) Reduced job satisfaction, increased sales, and decreased customer service
Positive aspects of conflict 1) Better decision-making: testing logic or arguments and challenging assumptions
2) more responsible to change the environment
3) increased team cohesion (conflict between team and external opponents)
From today's perspective of the conflict, there are two types of conflicts with opposite consequences:
1) Task conflict - constructive conflict
2) Relationship conflict - personality conflicts
Task conflict occurs when people focus their discussion on the problem while showing respect for people with different viewpoints.
Relationship conflict focuses on interpersonal differences between opponents.
3 Strategies to Minimize Relationship Conflict During Task Conflict 1) Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Stability
2) Associated team
3) Support Team Rules
Structural sources of conflict 1) Differentiation
2) interdependence
3) scarce resources
4) ambiguous rules
5) communication problems
6) incompatible goals
Incompatible goals The goals of one person or department appear to conflict with the goals of another person or department
Distinctive differences between people and work units in relation to their background, values, beliefs and experiences.
Interdependence 1) Task interdependence: The extent to which employees must share materials, information, or knowledge in order to do their jobs (strong conflict)
2) shared interdependence: individuals act independently apart from their dependence on a common resource or authority (low risk of conflict)
3) interdependence: high interdependence, high probability of interfering in the work and personal goals of others.
Scarce Resources: Any person or entity that requires the same resource necessarily harms others who also need that resource to achieve their goals.
The uncertainty of ambiguous rules increases the risk that one party will seek to interfere with the other party's goals: politics and all struggles.
Communication Problems Lack of opportunity, ability, or motivation to communicate effectively.
Conflict Management Styles 1) Problem Solving
2) strength
3) Engagement
4) Yield
5) avoid
When solving a problem, an attempt is made to find a mutually beneficial solution.
1) Win-Win: People using this style believe that if the parties work together to find a creative solution, the resources at stake are expandable rather than fixed
Forcing tries to win the conflict at the expense of others.
1) Win-Lose: They believe that the parties draw from a fixed pie, so the more one party gets, the less the other party gets.
Avoidance attempts to even out conflict situations or to run away entirely.
1) Minimize interactions with colleagues
2) Avoid the sensitive subject when interacting with the other person in conflict
Commitment involves finding a position where your losses are offset by gains of equal value.
Problem solving is appropriate when... 1) Interests are not completely opposed
2) the parties have truthfulness, openness and time to exchange information
3) The problems are complex
Urging is appropriate when... 1) You are deeply committed to your position
2) The dispute requires a quick resolution
3) another party would benefit from a more cooperative strategy
Appropriate avoidance when... 1) the conflict is too emotionally charged
2) the costs of trying to resolve the conflict outweigh the benefits
Giving in is appropriate when... 1) the other party has more power
2) The problem is much less important to you
3) The logic of your position value display is unclear
A compromise is appropriate when... 1) the parties have equal power
2) Time pressure to resolve the conflict
3) Parties lack trust/openness to problem solving
Structural Approaches to Conflict Resolution 1) Emphasis on higher goals
2) Reduce differentiation
3) Improving communication and mutual understanding
4) Reduction of interdependence
5) Increase resources
6) Clarification of rules and procedures
It emphasizes the overarching goals that the conflicting employees or departments value and that require combined resources and efforts from those parties to achieve.
Improving communication and mutual understanding gives conflicting parties more opportunities to communicate and understand each other.
1) Johari window model
2) meaningful interaction
Reducing Interdependence 1) Creating a buffer: any mechanism that loosens the coupling or works together between two or more people
2) Employ integrators: employees who coordinate the activities of work units to complete a common task
3) combine jobs: person who assembles the whole toaster instead of a part
Third-Party Dispute Resolution Any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help the parties resolve their differences
1) Arbitration: High control over final decisions but low control over process
2) Inquisition - control of all discussions about the conflict, overall process and control of decisions
3) Mediation - high control over the process, management of the process. No decision control
Negotiation occurs when two or more parties to a conflict attempt to resolve their differing goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence.
Trade Zone Trade Model 1) Trade Zone – A continuum in opposite directions in which each part moves along with an area of ​​potential overlap
2) Three main negotiation points: the initial offer (cake is heaven), the target point (realistic expectations), the resistance point (no more concessions)
4 Skills to Effectively Claim Values ​​in Negotiations 1) Prepare and define goals
2) Know your BATNA
3) Manage time
4) Manage initial offers and concessions
BATNA best alternative to a negotiated agreement
Value Creation Strategies 1) Gather information
2) Discover priorities through offers and concessions
3) Building the relationship

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influence and power
Conflict A process in which one party believes that its interests are being challenged or adversely affected by another party.
3 Ways Conflict Can Affect Job Performance 1) Stressful, saps personal energy
2) discourages people from sharing resources and coordinating
3) Reduced job satisfaction, increased sales, and decreased customer service
Positive aspects of conflict 1) Better decision-making: testing logic or arguments and challenging assumptions
2) more responsible to change the environment
3) increased team cohesion (conflict between team and external opponents)
From today's perspective of the conflict, there are two types of conflicts with opposite consequences:
1) Task conflict - constructive conflict
2) Relationship conflict - personality conflicts
Task conflict occurs when people focus their discussion on the problem while showing respect for people with different viewpoints.
Relationship conflict focuses on interpersonal differences between opponents.
3 Strategies to Minimize Relationship Conflict During Task Conflict 1) Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Stability
2) Associated team
3) Support Team Rules
Structural sources of conflict 1) Differentiation
2) interdependence
3) scarce resources
4) ambiguous rules
5) communication problems
6) incompatible goals
Incompatible goals The goals of one person or department appear to conflict with the goals of another person or department
Distinctive differences between people and work units in relation to their background, values, beliefs and experiences.
Interdependence 1) Task interdependence: The extent to which employees must share materials, information, or knowledge in order to do their jobs (strong conflict)
2) shared interdependence: individuals act independently apart from their dependence on a common resource or authority (low risk of conflict)
3) interdependence: high interdependence, high probability of interfering in the work and personal goals of others.
Scarce Resources: Any person or entity that requires the same resource necessarily harms others who also need that resource to achieve their goals.
The uncertainty of ambiguous rules increases the risk that one party will seek to interfere with the other party's goals: politics and all struggles.
Communication Problems Lack of opportunity, ability, or motivation to communicate effectively.
conflict management styles
1) Troubleshooting
2) strength
3) Engagement
4) Yield
5) avoid
When solving a problem, an attempt is made to find a mutually beneficial solution.
1) Win-Win: People using this style believe that if the parties work together to find a creative solution, the resources at stake are expandable rather than fixed
Forcing tries to win the conflict at the expense of others.
1) Win-Lose: They believe that the parties draw from a fixed pie, so the more one party gets, the less the other party gets.
Avoidance attempts to even out conflict situations or to run away entirely.
1) Minimize interactions with colleagues
2) Avoid the sensitive subject when interacting with the other person in conflict
Commitment involves finding a position where your losses are offset by gains of equal value.
Problem solving is appropriate when... 1) Interests are not completely opposed
2) the parties have truthfulness, openness and time to exchange information
3) The problems are complex
Urging is appropriate when... 1) You are deeply committed to your position
2) The dispute requires a quick resolution
3) another party would benefit from a more cooperative strategy
Appropriate avoidance when... 1) the conflict is too emotionally charged
2) the costs of trying to resolve the conflict outweigh the benefits
Giving in is appropriate when... 1) the other party has more power
2) The problem is much less important to you
3) The logic of your position value display is unclear
A compromise is appropriate when... 1) the parties have equal power
2) Time pressure to resolve the conflict
3) Parties lack trust/openness to problem solving
Structural Approaches to Conflict Resolution 1) Emphasis on higher goals
2) Reduce differentiation
3) Improving communication and mutual understanding
4) Reduction of interdependence
5) Increase resources
6) Clarification of rules and procedures
It emphasizes the overarching goals that the conflicting employees or departments value and that require combined resources and efforts from those parties to achieve.
Improving communication and mutual understanding gives conflicting parties more opportunities to communicate and understand each other.
1) Johari window model
2) meaningful interaction
Reducing Interdependence 1) Creating a buffer: any mechanism that loosens the coupling or works together between two or more people
2) Employ integrators: employees who coordinate the activities of work units to complete a common task
3) combine jobs: person who assembles the whole toaster instead of a part
Third-Party Dispute Resolution Any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help the parties resolve their differences
1) Arbitration: High control over final decisions but low control over process
2) Inquisition - control of all discussions about the conflict, overall process and control of decisions
3) Mediation - high control over the process, management of the process. No decision control
Negotiation occurs when two or more parties to a conflict attempt to resolve their differing goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence.
Trade Zone Trade Model 1) Trade Zone – A continuum in opposite directions in which each part moves along with an area of ​​potential overlap
2) Three main negotiation points: the initial offer (cake is heaven), the target point (realistic expectations), the resistance point (no more concessions)
4 Skills to Effectively Claim Values ​​in Negotiations 1) Prepare and define goals
2) Know your BATNA
3) Manage time
4) Manage initial offers and concessions
BATNA best alternative to a negotiated agreement
Value Creation Strategies 1) Gather information
2) Discover priorities through offers and concessions
3) Building the relationship

////////////////////////
Conflict
Conflict A process in which one party believes that its interests are being challenged or adversely affected by another party.
3 Ways Conflict Can Affect Job Performance 1) Stressful, saps personal energy
2) discourages people from sharing resources and coordinating
3) Reduced job satisfaction, increased sales, and decreased customer service
Positive aspects of conflict 1) Better decision-making: testing logic or arguments and challenging assumptions
2) more responsible to change the environment
3) increased team cohesion (conflict between team and external opponents)
From today's perspective of the conflict, there are two types of conflicts with opposite consequences:
1) Task conflict - constructive conflict
2) Relationship conflict - personality conflicts
Task conflict occurs when people focus their discussion on the problem while showing respect for people with different viewpoints.
Relationship conflict focuses on interpersonal differences between opponents.
3 Strategies to Minimize Relationship Conflict During Task Conflict 1) Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Stability
2) Associated team
3) Support Team Rules
Structural sources of conflict 1) Differentiation
2) interdependence
3) scarce resources
4) ambiguous rules
5) communication problems
6) incompatible goals
Incompatible goals The goals of one person or department appear to conflict with the goals of another person or department
Distinctive differences between people and work units in relation to their background, values, beliefs and experiences.
Interdependence 1) Task interdependence: The extent to which employees must share materials, information, or knowledge in order to do their jobs (strong conflict)
2) shared interdependence: individuals act independently apart from their dependence on a common resource or authority (low risk of conflict)
3) interdependence: high interdependence, high probability of interfering in the work and personal goals of others.
Scarce Resources: Any person or entity that requires the same resource necessarily harms others who also need that resource to achieve their goals.
The uncertainty of ambiguous rules increases the risk that one party will seek to interfere with the other party's goals: politics and all struggles.
Communication Problems Lack of opportunity, ability, or motivation to communicate effectively.
Conflict Management Styles 1) Problem Solving
2) strength
3) Engagement
4) Yield
5) avoid
When solving a problem, an attempt is made to find a mutually beneficial solution.
1) Win-Win: People using this style believe that if the parties work together to find a creative solution, the resources at stake are expandable rather than fixed
Forcing tries to win the conflict at the expense of others.
1) Win-Lose: They believe that the parties draw from a fixed pie, so the more one party gets, the less the other party gets.
Avoidance attempts to even out conflict situations or to run away entirely.
1) Minimize interactions with colleagues
2) Avoid the sensitive subject when interacting with the other person in conflict
Commitment involves finding a position where your losses are offset by gains of equal value.
Problem solving is appropriate when... 1) Interests are not completely opposed
2) the parties have truthfulness, openness and time to exchange information
3) The problems are complex
Urging is appropriate when... 1) You are deeply committed to your position
2) The dispute requires a quick resolution
3) another party would benefit from a more cooperative strategy
Appropriate avoidance when... 1) the conflict is too emotionally charged
2) the costs of trying to resolve the conflict outweigh the benefits
Giving in is appropriate when... 1) the other party has more power
2) The problem is much less important to you
3) The logic of your position value display is unclear
A compromise is appropriate when... 1) the parties have equal power
2) Time pressure to resolve the conflict
3) Parties lack trust/openness to problem solving
Structural approaches to conflict management
1) Emphasis on higher goals
2) Reduce differentiation
3) Improving communication and mutual understanding
4) Reduction of interdependence
5) Increase resources
6) Clarification of rules and procedures
It emphasizes the overarching goals that the conflicting employees or departments value and that require combined resources and efforts from those parties to achieve.
Improving communication and mutual understanding gives conflicting parties more opportunities to communicate and understand each other.
1) Johari window model
2) meaningful interaction
Reducing Interdependence 1) Creating a buffer: any mechanism that loosens the coupling or works together between two or more people
2) Employ integrators: employees who coordinate the activities of work units to complete a common task
3) combine jobs: person who assembles the whole toaster instead of a part
Third-Party Dispute Resolution Any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help the parties resolve their differences
1) Arbitration: High control over final decisions but low control over process
2) Inquisition - control of all discussions about the conflict, overall process and control of decisions
3) Mediation - high control over the process, management of the process. No decision control
Negotiation occurs when two or more parties to a conflict attempt to resolve their differing goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence.
Bargain zone trade template
1) Negotiation zone: a continuum in opposite directions in which each part moves along with an area of ​​potential overlap
2) Three main negotiation points: the initial offer (cake is heaven), the target point (realistic expectations), the resistance point (no more concessions)
4 Skills to Effectively Claim Values ​​in Negotiations 1) Prepare and define goals
2) Know your BATNA
3) Manage time
4) Manage initial offers and concessions
BATNA best alternative to a negotiated agreement
Value Creation Strategies 1) Gather information
2) Discover priorities through offers and concessions
3) Building the relationship